{"id":97,"date":"2024-12-07T02:59:38","date_gmt":"2024-12-07T02:59:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/?page_id=97"},"modified":"2024-12-13T21:14:40","modified_gmt":"2024-12-13T21:14:40","slug":"henderson-v-attorney-general-of-quebec-18-april-2018-qccs-1586-canlii-paragraphs-1-103","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/henderson-v-attorney-general-of-quebec-18-april-2018-qccs-1586-canlii-paragraphs-1-103\/","title":{"rendered":"Henderson v. Attorney General of Quebec, 18 April 2018 QCCS 1586 (CanLII)&nbsp;\u2014 Paragraphs <b>1-103<\/b>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"\/\/my.pcloud.com\/publink\/show?code=XZg2Hi7Z97qnBUoqrGkB4BE7U6JSORKehRd7\"><br \/>\n    <i class=\"fa fa-download\"><\/i> Download PDF<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"100%\" noshade>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:36px;line-height:36px;font-family:Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif;\">HABEAS CORPUS CANADA<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:22px;line-height:22px;font-family:Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif;\">The Official Legal Challenge To North American Union<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;font-family:Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif;\">QUEBEC IS BEING USED TO DISMANTLE CANADA INTO CITY-STATES IN THE NORTH AMERICAN REGION<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"100%\" noshade>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Henderson<\/em> c. <em>Procureure g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em> 2018 QCCS 1586<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><b>PARAGRAPHS 1-103<\/b><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"100%\" noshade>\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style='border-collapse:collapse;'>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>FRENCH ORIGINAL<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>NON-OFFICIAL ENGLISH<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">CANADA<br \/>\nPROVINCE DE QU\u00c9BEC<br \/>\nDISTRICT DE MONTR\u00c9AL<\/p>\n<p>N\u00b0&nbsp;:&nbsp; 500-05-065031-013<\/p>\n<p>DATE&nbsp;:&nbsp; LE 18 AVRIL 2018<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">CANADA<br \/>\nPROVINCE OF QUEBEC<br \/>\nDISTRICT OF MONTREAL<\/p>\n<p>No.:&nbsp; 500-05-065031-013<\/p>\n<p>DATE:&nbsp; APRIL 18, 2018<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade><b>L&#8217;HONORABLE CLAUDE DALLAIRE,<br \/>J.C.S.<\/b><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade><b>THE HONORABLE CLAUDE DALLAIRE,<br \/>J.C.S.<\/b><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">KEITH OWEN HENDERSON<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requ\u00e9rant<br \/>\nc.<\/p>\n<p>PROCUREUR G\u00c9N\u00c9RAL DU QU\u00c9BEC<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intim\u00e9<\/p>\n<p>ET<\/p>\n<p>PROCUREUR G\u00c9N\u00c9RAL DU CANADA<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mis en cause<\/p>\n<p>ET<\/p>\n<p>SOCI\u00c9T\u00c9 SAINT-JEAN-BAPTISTE DE MONTR\u00c9AL<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intervenante<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">KEITH OWEN HENDERSON<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Petitioner<br \/>\nv. <\/p>\n<p>ATTORNEY GENERAL OF QU\u00c9BEC<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Respondent<\/p>\n<p>AND<\/p>\n<p>ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mis en cause<\/p>\n<p>AND <\/p>\n<p>SAINT-JEAN-BAPTISTE SOCIETY OF MONTREAL<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intervener<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><b>JUGEMENT<\/b>&nbsp;*<\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><b>JUDGMENT<\/b>&nbsp;*<\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">*&nbsp;Pour les fins de rep\u00e9rage, voir Annexe B &#8211; Table des mati\u00e8res \u00e0 la fin du jugement.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">*&nbsp;For tracking purposes, see Appendix B &#8211; Table of Contents at the end of the judgment.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>1.&nbsp; L\u2019APER\u00c7U<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>1.&nbsp; OVERVIEW<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[1]<\/b>&nbsp; Le 30 octobre 1995, 49.42 % des Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois invit\u00e9s aux urnes dans le cadre d\u2019un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum portant sur l\u2019avenir du Qu\u00e9bec votent en faveur d\u2019une d\u00e9marche visant \u00e0 ce que la province se s\u00e9pare du reste du Canada<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[1]<\/b>&nbsp; On October 30, 1995, 49.42% of Quebecers invited to the polls within the framework of a referendum on the future of Quebec, voted in favor of a step toward separating the Province from the rest of Canada<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[2]<\/b>&nbsp; Bien qu\u2019insuffisant pour donner suite \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre de la deuxi\u00e8me phase d\u2019un tel projet, dans l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se o\u00f9 la majorit\u00e9 des votes, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire 50 % plus un, avait \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenue, ce r\u00e9sultat \u00e9branle tout de m\u00eame le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span> et provoque de l\u2019incertitude politique, un peu partout au Canada<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[2]<\/b>&nbsp; Although insufficient to pursue the implementation of the second phase of such a project, assuming that the majority of votes, i.e. 50% plus one, had been obtained, this result nonetheless rattled the federal government<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span> and sparked political uncertainty across Canada<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[3]<\/b>&nbsp; En septembre 1996, le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral juge pertinent d\u2019obtenir l\u2019avis de la Cour supr\u00eame sur la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9ventuelle d\u00e9marche souverainiste de la part des qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois et soumet <a href=\"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/les-trois-questions-relative-a-la-secession-origines\/\" title=\"Les Trois Questions Relative \u00c0 La S\u00e9cession \u2013 Origines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>trois questions<\/u><\/a> \u00e0 la Cour dans ce qui deviendra le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/csc\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii793\/1998canlii793.html\" title=\"Renvoi relatif \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec, [1998] 2 RCS 217, 1998 CanLII 793 (CSC)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em><\/a><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[3]<\/b> In September 1996, the federal government thought it pertinent to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court on the legality of a future sovereignist step on the part of Quebecers, and submitted <a href=\"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/the-three-questions-relating-to-secession-origins\/\" title=\"The Three Questions Relating To Secession \u2013 Origins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>three questions<\/u><\/a> to the Court in what would become the famous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/scc\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii793\/1998canlii793.html\" title=\"Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 SCR 217, 1998 CanLII 793 (SCC)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Reference re (the) Secession of Quebec<\/em><\/a>.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[4]<\/b>&nbsp; Le 20 ao\u00fbt 1998, la Cour supr\u00eame livre le fruit de sa r\u00e9flexion dans un <em>Avis consultatif<\/em><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[4]<\/b>&nbsp; On August 20, 1998, the Supreme Court delivered the fruit of its deliberation in an <em>Advisory Opinion<\/em>.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[5]<\/b>&nbsp; Dans cet <em>Avis<\/em>, la Cour juge n\u00e9cessaire de pr\u00e9ciser ce qu\u2019elle entend par le mot \u00abs\u00e9cession\u00bb, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 qu\u2019il se trouve au centre des questions pos\u00e9es.&nbsp; Elle le d\u00e9finit ainsi&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[5]<\/b>&nbsp; In this <em>Opinion<\/em>, the Court thought it necessary to specify what it meant by the word \u201csecession\u201d, as it was central to the questions asked.&nbsp; It defined it this way:<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>86.<\/b>&nbsp; Le caract\u00e8re \u00abunilat\u00e9ral\u00bb de l&#8217;acte est de premi\u00e8re importance, et il faut bien comprendre le sens donn\u00e9 \u00e0 ce mot.&nbsp; Dans un sens, toute d\u00e9marche faite par un acteur unique sur le plan constitutionnel en vue de parvenir \u00e0 une modification de la Constitution est \u00abunilat\u00e9rale\u00bb.&nbsp; Nous ne pensons pas que tel soit le sens vis\u00e9 dans la question 1, ni le sens donn\u00e9 dans les arguments pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s devant nous.&nbsp; Ce qui est revendiqu\u00e9 comme droit de faire \u00abunilat\u00e9ralement\u00bb s\u00e9cession est plut\u00f4t le droit de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession sans n\u00e9gociations pr\u00e9alables avec les autres provinces et le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral.&nbsp; Ce n&#8217;est pas la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9marche initiale qui est en cause ici, mais la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 de l&#8217;acte final de s\u00e9cession unilat\u00e9rale envisag\u00e9e.&nbsp; Le fondement juridique d&#8217;un tel acte serait une volont\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique clairement exprim\u00e9e par un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum dans la province de Qu\u00e9bec.&nbsp; Cet argument nous am\u00e8ne \u00e0 examiner l&#8217;impact juridique que pourrait avoir un tel r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur le fonctionnement de notre Constitution et sur la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 all\u00e9gu\u00e9e d&#8217;un acte unilat\u00e9ral de s\u00e9cession.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:right;\">(<em>Nos soulignements et emphase<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>86.<\/b>&nbsp; The \u201cunilateral\u201d nature of the act is of cardinal importance and we must be clear as to what is understood by this term.&nbsp; In one sense, any step towards a constitutional amendment initiated by a single actor on the constitutional stage is \u201cunilateral\u201d.&nbsp; We do not believe that this is the meaning contemplated by Question 1, nor is this the sense in which the term has been used in argument before us.&nbsp; Rather, what is claimed by a right to secede \u201cunilaterally\u201d is the right to effectuate secession without prior negotiations with the other provinces and the federal government.&nbsp; At issue is not the legality of the first step but the legality of the final act of purported unilateral secession.&nbsp; The supposed juridical basis for such an act is said to be a clear expression of democratic will in a referendum in the province of Quebec.&nbsp; This claim requires us to examine the possible juridical impact, if any, of such a referendum on the functioning of our Constitution, and on the claimed legality of a unilateral act of secession.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:right;\">(<em>Our underlines and bolding<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[6]<\/b>&nbsp; La proc\u00e9dure r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire \u00e9tant au c\u0153ur des pr\u00e9occupations du f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, la Cour aborde deux sujets sans toutefois aller trop loin, pour des raisons qu&#8217;elle explique en<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[6]<\/b>&nbsp; The referendum procedure&#8217;s being at the heart of federal concerns, the Court broached two subjects without, however, going too far, for the reasons it explains in<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>1.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2000, page 8576 et jugement du juge Jacques Blanchard dans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii12069\/1998canlii12069.html\" title=\"Bertrand c. Bouchard, \u00e8s qualit\u00e9s &quot;Premier Ministre&quot;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Bertrand c. Bouchard, [1998] R.J.Q. 1203<\/u><\/a>, page 1207.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>2.<\/b>&nbsp; Ci-apr\u00e8s \u00able F\u00e9d\u00e9ral\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>3.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2000, page 8576.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>4.<\/b>&nbsp; Ci-apr\u00e8s appel\u00e9 le \u00ab<em>Renvoi<\/em>\u00bb ou \u00ab<em>le Renvoi de 1998<\/em>\u00bb, selon le contexte.<\/span>*<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>5.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/csc\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii793\/1998canlii793.html\" title=\"Renvoi relatif \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec, [1998] 2 RCS 217, 1998 CanLII 793 (CSC)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><u>Renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217.<\/u><\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\">*&nbsp;Note du traductrice:&nbsp; \u00e0 chaque fois que Dallaire dit \u00ab<em>Renvoi<\/em>\u00bb, l&#8217;anglais est \u00ab<em>Reference<\/em>\u00bb; lorsque Dallaire dit \u00ab<em>Avis<\/em>\u00bb ou \u00ab<em>Avis consultatif<\/em>\u00bb, l&#8217;anglais est \u00ab<em>Advisory<\/em>\u00bb ou \u00ab<em>Advisory Opinion<\/em>\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>1.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> of December 7, 2000, page 8576 and judgment of Jacques Blanchard J. in <a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=fr&amp;tl=en&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Ffr%2Fqc%2Fqccs%2Fdoc%2F1998%2F1998canlii12069%2F1998canlii12069.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>Bertrand<\/i> v. <i>Bouchard<\/i>, <i>\u00e8s qualit\u00e9<\/i> <i>Premier<\/i>, 1998 CanLII 12069 (QC CS)<\/u><\/a>, page 1207.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>2.<\/b>&nbsp; Hereinafter, the \u201cFederal\u201d (level or government).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>3.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> of December 7, 2000, page 8576.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>4.<\/b>&nbsp; Hereinafter referred to as the \u201c<em>Reference<\/em>\u201d or \u201c<em>1998 Reference<\/em>\u201d, depending on the context.*<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>5.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/scc\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii793\/1998canlii793.html\" title=\"Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 SCR 217, 1998 CanLII 793 (SCC)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Reference re (the) Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 SCR 217<\/em><\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\">*&nbsp;Translator&#8217;s note:&nbsp; whenever Dallaire says \u201c<em>Renvoi<\/em>\u201d, the English is \u201c<em>Reference<\/em>\u201d; when Dallaire says \u201c<em>Avis<\/em>\u201d or \u201c<em>Avis consultatif<\/em>,\u201d the English is \u201c<em>Advisory<\/em>\u201d or \u201c<em>Advisory Opinion<\/em>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">d\u00e9tail&nbsp;:&nbsp; 1) la d\u00e9termination de ce que serait une question claire et une majorit\u00e9 claire lors d&#8217;un \u00e9ventuel r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum, 2) si la population du Qu\u00e9bec constitue un peuple au sens du droit international.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">detail:&nbsp; 1) the determination of what would be a clear question and a clear majority in an eventual referendum, 2) whether the population of Quebec constitutes a people in the sense of international law.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[7]<\/b>&nbsp; Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9labor\u00e9 sur la clart\u00e9 de la question et celle du r\u00e9sultat du vote sur cette question, la Cour \u00e9nonce qu&#8217;\u00e0 la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape du processus, ce sujet rel\u00e8ve des acteurs politiques et non de pouvoir judiciaire.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[7]<\/b>&nbsp; After elaborating on the clarity of the question and of the vote result thereon, the Court spells out that at the first step of the process, this subject belongs to the political actors, and not the judicial power.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[8]<\/b>&nbsp; Sur l&#8217;existence d&#8217;un ou de peuples qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9nonc\u00e9 que peu de pr\u00e9cisions sont apport\u00e9es \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition du mot <em>peuple<\/em> et que le sens de ce mot reste \u00abassez incertain\u00bb, La Cour ajoute toutefois que c&#8217;est aux peuples, une fois qualifi\u00e9s comme tels, que le droit international accorde le droit \u00e0 l&#8217;autod\u00e9termination<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span>.&nbsp; Mais comme elle ne consid\u00e8re pas n\u00e9cessaire de se prononcer sur la qualit\u00e9 de peuple de la population r\u00e9sidant au Qu\u00e9bec pour disposer des questions pos\u00e9es par le <em>Renvoi<\/em>, elle ne se prononce pas sur ce sujet.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[8]<\/b>&nbsp; As to the existence of one or more Quebec peoples, having specified that little formal elaboration has been brought to the definition of the word <i>people<\/i>, and that the meaning of the word remains \u201csomewhat uncertain,\u201d the Court nonetheless adds that it is to peoples, once so characterized, that international law grants the right of self-determination.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span>&nbsp; But as it views it unnecessary to decide on the character of the resident population of Quebec as a people in order to dispose of the questions posed in the <em>Reference<\/em>, it does not pronounce on this subject.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[9]<\/b>&nbsp; Une fois les tenants et aboutissants de <em>l&#8217;Avis consultatif<\/em> de 1998 bien d\u00e9cant\u00e9s, ils ne laissent aucun acteur politique indiff\u00e9rent.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[9]<\/b>&nbsp; Once the ins and outs of the 1998 <em>Advisory Opinion<\/em> have been decanted, they leave no political actor indifferent.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[10]<\/b>&nbsp; Le plus vite \u00e0 r\u00e9agir sur le plan juridique est le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral; il d\u00e9cide d&#8217;adopter une loi portant sur diff\u00e9rents param\u00e8tres en lien avec la tenue de r\u00e9f\u00e9rendums.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[10]<\/b>&nbsp; The quickest to react on the legal plane is the federal government; it decided to adopt a law on the various parameters involved in conducting referendums.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[11]<\/b>&nbsp; L&#8217;Avis <em>consultatif<\/em> venait de donner naissance au projet de loi intitul\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lc-2000-c-26\/derniere\/lc-2000-c-26.html\" title=\"Loi donnant effet \u00e0 l'exigence de clart\u00e9 formul\u00e9e par la cour supr\u00eame du Canada dans son avis sur le renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Loi donnant effet \u00e0 l&#8217;exigence de clart\u00e9 formul\u00e9e par la Cour supr\u00eame du Canada dans son avis sur le Renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em><\/a><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span>, dont le titre abr\u00e9g\u00e9 est <em>Loi de clarification<\/em>, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9e <em>Loi C-20<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[11]<\/b>&nbsp; The <em>Advisory Opinion<\/em> at once gave birth to the bill entitled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/sc-2000-c-26\/latest\/sc-2000-c-26.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQALY2xhcml0eSBhY3QAAAAAAQ&amp;resultIndex=1\" title=\"An Act to Give Effect to the Requirement for Clarity as Set out in the Opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>An Act to Give Effect to the Requirement for Clarity as Set out in the Opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference<\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span>, whose short title is the <em>Clarity Act<\/em>, commonly called <em>Bill C-20<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[12]<\/b>&nbsp; Lorsque les parlementaires qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois apprennent l&#8217;existence de ce projet de <em>Loi C-20<\/em> et en d\u00e9couvrent le contenu, ils d\u00e9noncent vertement cette initiative du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, qu&#8217;ils consid\u00e8rent \u00eatre une intrusion ill\u00e9gale dans les affaires du Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[12]<\/b>&nbsp; When Quebec parliamentarians learned about the existence of <em>Bill C-20<\/em> and discovered its contents, they harshly denounced this initiative of the federal government, which they considered an illegal intrusion into the affairs of Quebec.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[13]<\/b>&nbsp; En plus du sentiment d&#8217;invasion, les parlementaires qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois per\u00e7oivent que le projet de <em>Loi C-20<\/em> fait fi du droit du <em>peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois<\/em> \u00e0 l&#8217;autod\u00e9termination ainsi que du droit de ses institutions de mettre en \u0153uvre ce droit fondamental, que la Cour supr\u00eame vient tout juste de confirmer, selon leur compr\u00e9hension de l&#8217;<em>Avis consultatif<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[13]<\/b>&nbsp; In addition to the sense of invasion, Quebec parliamentarians perceived that <em>Bill C-20<\/em> scorned the right of the <em>Qu\u00e9bec people<\/em> to self-determination, and the right of its institutions to implement this fundamental right, which, according to their understanding of the <em>Advisory Opinion<\/em>, the Supreme Court had just confirmed.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[14]<\/b>&nbsp; La s\u00e9rie de r\u00e8gles que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral croit alors pouvoir imposer au Qu\u00e9bec au moyen de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em> leur donne \u00e9galement l&#8217;impression que le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral se cherche une porte de sortie pour \u00e9luder les n\u00e9gociations obligatoires que la Cour<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[14]<\/b>&nbsp; The series of rules the federal government thought it could impose on Quebec by means of <em>Bill C-20<\/em> also gave them the impression that the federal level was looking for a way out to avoid the obligatory negotiations that the Supreme Court<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>6.<\/b>&nbsp; Par. 123.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>7.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lc-2000-c-26\/derniere\/lc-2000-c-26.html\" title=\"Loi donnant effet \u00e0 l'exigence de clart\u00e9 formul\u00e9e par la cour supr\u00eame du Canada dans son avis sur le renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><u>Projet de loi n<sup>o<\/sup> C-20<\/i><\/u><\/a>, adopt\u00e9 en juin 2000 et toujours en vigueur, malgr\u00e9 une tentative avort\u00e9e de l&#8217;abroger, (L.C. 2000. ch. 26), ci-apr\u00e8s appel\u00e9e \u00ab<em>Loi C-20<\/em>\u00bb ou parfois \u00ab<em>C-20<\/em>\u00bb, selon le contexte.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>6.<\/b>&nbsp; Para. 123.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>7.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/sc-2000-c-26\/latest\/sc-2000-c-26.html\" title=\"An Act to Give Effect to the Requirement for Clarity as Set out in the Opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Bill C-20<\/em><\/u><\/a>, passed in June 2000 and still in force despite an abortive attempt to repeal it, (S.C. 2000, c. 26), hereinafter referred to as \u201c<em>Bill C-20<\/em>\u201d or sometimes \u201c<em>C-20<\/em>,\u201d depending on the context.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">supr\u00eame vient de reconna\u00eetre comme \u00e9tant la r\u00e9sultante d&#8217;un vote en faveur d&#8217;une s\u00e9cession.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">had just recognized as the result of a vote in favor of secession.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[15]<\/b>&nbsp; Ils jugent donc unanimement que l&#8217;attaque perp\u00e9tr\u00e9e par la <em>Loi C-20<\/em> m\u00e9rite une r\u00e9ponse imm\u00e9diate et ferme, et cherchent alors le bon moyen de faire comprendre au f\u00e9d\u00e9ral et aux autres membres de la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration canadienne que le peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois et ses institutions ont toujours \u00e9t\u00e9, sont, et seront toujours les seuls \u00e0 d\u00e9cider de leur avenir, que personne ne viendra s&#8217;ing\u00e9rer dans l&#8217;exercice de leur souverainet\u00e9 en leur dictant de l&#8217;ext\u00e9rieur et \u00e0 l&#8217;avance le contenu des questions r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaires qui pourrait \u00eatre acceptable, ni leur enseigner comment compter les votes pour interpr\u00e9ter le r\u00e9sultat d&#8217;un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur ce sujet d\u00e9licat.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[15]<\/b>&nbsp; They unanimously deemed the attack perpetrated by <i>Bill C-20<\/i> as worthy of an immediate, firm response, and therefore, they looked for the best way to make the federal level and other members of the Canadian federation understand that Quebec&#8217;s people and its institutions have always been, are, and always will be alone to decide their future, that no one will interfere in the exercise of their sovereignty by dictating from outside and in advance the content of referendum questions that might be acceptable, nor teach them how to count votes to interpret the result of a future referendum on this delicate subject.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[16]<\/b>&nbsp; S&#8217;il y a consensus sur l&#8217;importance de r\u00e9agir et sur le contenu du message \u00e0 transmettre, les parlementaires ne s&#8217;entendent toutefois pas sur la mani\u00e8re la plus efficace de le passer.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[16]<\/b>&nbsp; While there was a consensus on the importance of reacting, as well as on the content of the message to be sent, the parliamentarians however did not agree on the most effectual manner for sending it.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[17]<\/b>&nbsp; Certains sont alors d&#8217;avis que la gravit\u00e9 de l&#8217;atteinte n\u00e9cessite une r\u00e9ponse du m\u00eame type que l&#8217;arme utilis\u00e9e pour l&#8217;attaque, donc une loi.&nbsp; Ils croient qu&#8217;une loi serait plus \u00e0 m\u00eame de rassurer les Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois sur leurs droits qu&#8217;une d\u00e9claration solennelle, dans l&#8217;hypoth\u00e8se o\u00f9 surgissent des difficult\u00e9s lors d&#8217;un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum et qu&#8217;il soit n\u00e9cessaire d&#8217;avoir recours aux tribunaux<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[17]<\/b>&nbsp; Some were therefore of the view that the gravity of the attack required a reply with the same kind of weapon utilized for the attack, thus a law.&nbsp; They thought a law would be more likely to reassure Quebecers on their rights than a solemn declaration, theorizing that in case of difficulties arising at a future referendum, recourse to the courts might be required.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[18]<\/b>&nbsp; D&#8217;autres soutiennent qu&#8217;une r\u00e9solution unanime ou une d\u00e9claration solennelle de l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, vot\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#8217;unanimit\u00e9, est amplement suffisante.&nbsp; Ils insistent sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de maintenir le d\u00e9bat dans l&#8217;enceinte politique, pour ne pas risquer d&#8217;affaiblir le contenu et la port\u00e9e des principes \u00e9nonc\u00e9s, dans l&#8217;hypoth\u00e8se o\u00f9 la loi qui les ench\u00e2sse soit remise en cause devant une cour de justice<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[18]<\/b>&nbsp; Others held that a unanimous resolution or a solemn declaration of the National Assembly, voted unanimously, would be amply sufficient.&nbsp; They insisted on the need to keep the debate in the political arena so as not to risk weakening the content and scope of the principles spelled out, theorizing that a law enshrining them might be challenged in a court of justice<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[19]<\/b>&nbsp; Les d\u00e9tracteurs du v\u00e9hicule l\u00e9gislatif sont probablement encore \u00e9chaud\u00e9s par leur exp\u00e9rience avec l&#8217;avant-projet de <i>Loi sur la souverainet\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec<\/i><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/span> ainsi qu&#8217;avec celle du projet de loi n<sup>o<\/sup>1, intitul\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saic.gouv.qc.ca\/documents\/positions-historiques\/positions-du-qc\/partie3\/Document30.pdf\" title=\"Projet de loi no1, intitul\u00e9 Loi sur l\u2019avenir du Qu\u00e9bec, 1995\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Loi sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec<\/i><\/a>, le dernier ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9 comme constituant une \u00abmenace grave aux droits et libert\u00e9s\u00bb du citoyen Guy Bertrand et diverses injonctions visant \u00e0 en limiter les effets ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9mises par notre Cour, en 1995<sup>12<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[19]<\/b>&nbsp; Detractors of the legislative vehicle were probably still scalded by their experience with the draft <em>Quebec Sovereignty Act<\/em><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/span> and also with Bill No. 1, entitled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca\/documents\/positions-historiques\/positions-du-qc\/part3\/Document30_en.pdf\" title=\"https:\/\/www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca\/documents\/positions-historiques\/positions-du-qc\/part3\/Document30_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>An Act respecting the future of Quebec<\/em><\/a><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/span>, the latter called a \u201cserious threat to the rights and freedoms\u201d of Citizen Guy Bertrand; various injunctions intended to limit its effects having been issued by this Court in 1995<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>8.<\/b>&nbsp; Voir <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 3 mai 2000.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>9.<\/b>&nbsp; Le porte-parole de l&#8217;opposition officielle en mati\u00e8re constitutionnelle qui a livr\u00e9, voire r\u00e9it\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises ce message, \u00e9tait alors le d\u00e9put\u00e9 de Chapleau, Beno\u00eet Pelletier.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>10.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.assnat.qc.ca\/fr\/travaux-parlementaires\/projets-loi\/projets-loi-35-1.html\" title=\"http:\/\/www.assnat.qc.ca\/fr\/travaux-parlementaires\/projets-loi\/projets-loi-35-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Loi sur la souverainet\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em><\/u><\/a>, avant-projet de loi (d\u00e9p\u00f4t&nbsp;&#8211; 6 d\u00e9cembre 1994).&nbsp; 1<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>e<\/sup><\/span> sess., 35<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>e<\/sup><\/span> l\u00e9gis. (Qc).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>11.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saic.gouv.qc.ca\/documents\/positions-historiques\/positions-du-qc\/partie3\/Document30.pdf\" title=\"Projet de loi no1, intitul\u00e9 Loi sur l\u2019avenir du Qu\u00e9bec, 1995\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Loi sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em><\/u><\/a>, projet de loi n<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>o<\/sup><\/span> 1 (d\u00e9p\u00f4t &#8211; 7 septembre 1995), 1<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>e<\/sup><\/span> sess., 35<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>e<\/sup><\/span> l\u00e9gis.&nbsp; (Qc).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>12.<\/b>&nbsp; Par le juge *Marc Lesage [sic] de notre Cour, le 8 septembre 2015 [sic], [1995] R.J.Q. 2500 (C.S.) 2516, par. 85, pi\u00e8ce R-9.&nbsp; Le juge Robert Pidgeon reprend cela dans <a href=\"https:\/\/en.calameo.com\/read\/000111790465e7568d840\" title=\"1996 CarswellQue 893, (sub nom. Bertrand c. B\u00e9gin) 138 D.L.R. (4th) 481, [1996] R.J.Q. 2393, EYB 1996-87669, J.E. 96-1799\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Bertrand<\/em> c. <em>B\u00e9gin<\/em>, [1996] R.J.Q. 2393<\/u><\/a>, page 2396 (C.S.).<\/span><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\">*&nbsp;Note du traductrice:&nbsp; Pour corriger Dallaire:&nbsp; le nom du juge et l\u2019ann\u00e9e cit\u00e9s sont inexacts.&nbsp; C&#8217;\u00e9tait le juge Robert Lesage de la Cour sup\u00e9rieure du Qu\u00e9bec en 1995 (et non le juge Marc Lesage en 2015).&nbsp; L&#8217;arr\u00eat Lesage que Dallaire cite est ici en anglais:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/1995\/1995canlii11036\/1995canlii11036.html\" title=\"&lt;i&gt;Bertrand&lt;\/i&gt; c. &lt;i&gt;Qu\u00e9bec&lt;\/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Procureur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral&lt;\/i&gt;), 1995 CanLII 11036 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>Bertrand<\/i> c. <i>Qu\u00e9bec<\/i> (<i>Procureur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/i>), 1995 CanLII 11036 (QC CS)<\/u><\/a>; autres citations:&nbsp; 127 DLR (4th) 408 &#8211; [1995] RJQ 2500.]&nbsp; Le fran\u00e7ais original peut \u00eatre lu en ligne ici (tournez deux pages en avant):&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.calameo.com\/read\/000111790812e7f221539\" title=\"Bertrand v. Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral); 1995 CarswellQue 131, 127 D.L.R. (4th) 408, [1995] R.J.Q. 2500, J.E. 95-1737\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>Bertrand<\/i> v. <i>Qu\u00e9bec<\/i> (<i>Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/i>); 1995 CarswellQue 131,<\/u><\/a> 127 D.L.R. (4th) 408, [1995] R.J.Q. 2500, J.E. 95-1737<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>8<\/b> See the <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> of May 3, 2000.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>9.<\/b>&nbsp; The official opposition critic for constitutional matters, who delivered or repeated this message on several occasions, was Beno\u00eet Pelletier, the MNA for Chapleau.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>10.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.assnat.qc.ca\/fr\/travaux-parlementaires\/projets-loi\/projets-loi-35-1.html\" title=\"http:\/\/www.assnat.qc.ca\/fr\/travaux-parlementaires\/projets-loi\/projets-loi-35-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Loi sur la souverainet\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em><\/u><\/a> (<i>Quebec Sovereignty Act<\/i>), <a href=\"https:\/\/my.pcloud.com\/publink\/show?code=XZMAUBkZ798wmQRcCkk0yikKo2sHLpb6tYW7\" title=\"Draft Bill on the Sovereignty of Quebec (Solon.org)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>draft bill<\/u><\/a> (tabled&nbsp;\u2013 December 6, 1994), 1st sess., 35th Legislature (Qc).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>11.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca\/documents\/positions-historiques\/positions-du-qc\/part3\/Document30_en.pdf\" title=\"Bill 1, entitled An Act respecting the future of Qu\u00e9bec, 1995\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>Act respecting the future of Qu\u00e9bec<\/i><\/u><\/a>, Bill No. 1 (Filing&nbsp;\u2013 September 7, 1995), 1st Sess., 35th Legislature (Qc).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>12.<\/b>&nbsp; By *Marc Lesage J. [sic] of this Court, on September 8, 2015 [sic], [1995] RJQ 2500 (SC) 2516, at para. 85, Exhibit R-9. Judge Robert Pidgeon repeated this in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/1996\/1996canlii12476\/1996canlii12476.html\" title=\"Bertrand v. Quebec (Attorney General), 1996 CanLII 12476 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>Bertrand<\/i> v. <i>B\u00e9gin<\/i>, [1996] RJQ 2393<\/a>, page 2396 (SC).<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" width=\"311\" noshade>\n<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\">*&nbsp; Translator&#8217;s note:&nbsp; Correcting Dallaire:&nbsp; The Judge and the year cited are both wrong.&nbsp; It was Judge Robert Lesage of Quebec Superior Court in 1995 (not Judge Marc Lesage in 2015).&nbsp; The Lesage judgment Dallaire is quoting is here in English:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/1995\/1995canlii11036\/1995canlii11036.html\" title=\"Bertrand v. Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral), 1995 CanLII 11036 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>Bertrand<\/i> v. <i>Qu\u00e9bec<\/i> (<i>Procureur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/i>), 1995 CanLII 11036 (QC CS)<\/u><\/a>; other citations:&nbsp; 127 DLR (4th) 408&nbsp;\u2014 [1995] RJQ 2500.&nbsp; The original French can be read online here (flip ahead two pages):&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.calameo.com\/read\/000111790812e7f221539\" title=\"Bertrand v. Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral); 1995 CarswellQue 131, 127 D.L.R. (4th) 408, [1995] R.J.Q. 2500, J.E. 95-1737\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>Bertrand<\/i> v. <i>Qu\u00e9bec<\/i> (<i>Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/i>); 1995 CarswellQue 131<\/u><\/a>, 127 D.L.R. (4th) 408, [1995] R.J.Q. 2500, J.E. 95-1737<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[20]<\/b>&nbsp; Mais les fervents d&#8217;une loi l&#8217;emportent, puisqu&#8217;ils d\u00e9tiennent la majorit\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[20]<\/b>&nbsp; But the devotees of a law prevail, they being the majority in the National Assembly.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[21]<\/b>&nbsp; C&#8217;est donc dans ce terreau fertile que na\u00eet, en d\u00e9cembre 2000, alors que le gouvernement p\u00e9quiste de Lucien Bouchard est au pouvoir, la <i>Loi 99<\/i>, qui porte le titre de <i>Loi sur l&#8217;exercice des pr\u00e9rogatives du peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois et de l&#8217;\u00c9tat du Qu\u00e9bec<\/i><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/span>, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9e \u00ab<i>Loi 99<\/i>\u00bb<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/span>, ou \u00ab<i>Loi Facal<\/i>\u00bb, du nom du ministre provincial des Affaires intergouvernementales canadiennes de l&#8217;\u00e9poque qui l&#8217;a propos\u00e9e, et pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e devant l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>15<\/span><\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[21]<\/b>&nbsp; Thus was born in this fertile soil in December 2000 with the PQ government of Lucien Bouchard in power, <i>Bill 99<\/i>, whose title is an <i>Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Qu\u00e9bec people and the Qu\u00e9bec State<\/i>,<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/span> commonly called \u201c<i>Bill 99<\/i>,\u201d<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/span> or \u201c<i>Facal&#8217;s Law<\/i>,\u201d after the provincial minister of Canadian intergovernmental affairs of the era who proposed it, and introduced it in the National Assembly.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[22]<\/b>&nbsp; Si elle suscite de nombreuses r\u00e9actions politiques ainsi que m\u00e9diatiques, les heures de gloire de cette <i>Loi<\/i> sont de bien courte dur\u00e9e, car quelques mois \u00e0 peine apr\u00e8s son entr\u00e9e en vigueur, le requ\u00e9rant Henderson et le Parti \u00e9galit\u00e9 mettent \u00e0 ex\u00e9cution la menace qui planait au-dessus d&#8217;elle depuis ses premiers balbutiements.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[22]<\/b>&nbsp; Although the political and media reactions it evoked were legion, the glory days of this <i>Act<\/i> were quite short-lived, for scarcely a few months after its entry into force, applicant Henderson and the Equality Party put the threat into operation that had hovered over it from its earliest beginnings.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[23]<\/b>&nbsp; En mai 2001, ils d\u00e9posent une demande de jugement d\u00e9claratoire qui remet en cause la constitutionnalit\u00e9 de 6 de ses 14 articles<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[23]<\/b>&nbsp; In May 2001, they filed a motion for a declaratory judgment disputing the constitutionality of six of its 14 provisions.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[24]<\/b>&nbsp; Ainsi, la boutade lanc\u00e9e par Me Brent Tyler au ministre Facal, le 29 mars 2000, \u00ab<i>we\u2019ll see you in court<\/i>\u00bb, aura donc \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9monitoire, et le v\u0153u du requ\u00e9rant, formul\u00e9 lors de ses repr\u00e9sentations devant la Commission parlementaire, qu&#8217;une \u00abinstitution s\u00e9rieuse\u00bb se prononce un jour sur la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 de la <i>Loi<\/i><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/span>, est exauc\u00e9 dans ce jugement.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[24]<\/b>&nbsp; The wisecrack by Ma\u00eetre Brent Tyler to Minister Facal on March 29, 2000, \u201c<i>We\u2019ll see you in court<\/i>\u201d, was therefore premonitory, and the applicant\u2019s wish, expressed in the course of his representations to the Parliamentary Committee, that \u2018a serious institution\u2019 should one day decide on the legality of the law<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/span>, is granted in the present judgment.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[25]<\/b>&nbsp; Dix-huit ans apr\u00e8s l&#8217;adoption de la <i>Loi 99<\/i>, celle-ci conna\u00eet maintenant sa premi\u00e8re sentence, apr\u00e8s que le dossier judiciaire ait \u00e0 deux reprises fait un d\u00e9tour oblig\u00e9 devant la Cour d&#8217;appel pour limiter le contenu du d\u00e9bat \u00e0 ce qui \u00e9tait justiciable et que les parties int\u00e9ress\u00e9es se soient vues reconna\u00eetre le droit de pr\u00e9senter leurs observations.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[25]<\/b>&nbsp; Eighteen years after passage of <i>Bill 99<\/i>, it is now experiencing its first verdict, the judicial record having twice taken obligatory detours to the Court of Appeal to limit the content of the debate to what was justiciable, and the interested parties having their right recognized to submit their observations.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[26]<\/b>&nbsp; Tous ceux qui pr\u00e9disaient un bien sombre avenir \u00e0 la <i>Loi 99<\/i> sauront s&#8217;ils ont eu raison de s&#8217;opposer \u00e0 ce que les principes qu&#8217;elle contient se retrouvent dans une loi et s&#8217;il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 plus judicieux de les ench\u00e2sser au creux du nid douillet d&#8217;une d\u00e9claration solennelle, ou si la voie choisie par le gouvernement de l&#8217;\u00e9poque \u00e9tait la bonne parce qu&#8217;elle respecte le partage des comp\u00e9tences pr\u00e9vu dans la <i>Constitution<\/i> entre les diff\u00e9rents paliers de gouvernement tout en ayant une port\u00e9e plus officielle.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[26]<\/b>&nbsp; All who predicted a gloomy future for <i>Bill 99<\/i> will know if they were right to object against the principles it contains being lodged in a law, or it might have been more judicious to enshrine them in the snug grip of a solemn declaration, or else the path chosen by the government of the day was the right one, because it respects the division of powers provided in the <em>Constitution<\/em> between the different levels of government, while having a more official impact.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>13.<\/b>&nbsp; RLRQ c. E-20.2, ci-apr\u00e8s \u00abla <em>Loi<\/em>\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>14.<\/b>&nbsp; Ci-apr\u00e8s \u00ab<i>La Loi<\/i>\u00bb, selon le contexte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>15.<\/b>&nbsp; Joseph Facal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>16.<\/b>&nbsp; La version finale de la proc\u00e9dure est dat\u00e9e du 3 d\u00e9cembre 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>17.<\/b>&nbsp; Pi\u00e8ce R-13, page 15.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>13.<\/b>&nbsp; CQLR c E-20.2, hereinafter &#8220;the <em>Law<\/em>&#8220;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>14.<\/b>&nbsp; Hereinafter &#8220;the <em>Law<\/em>&#8220;, depending on the context.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>15.<\/b>&nbsp; Joseph Facal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>16.<\/b>&nbsp; The final version of the proceeding is dated December 3, 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>17.<\/b>&nbsp; Exhibit R-13, page 15.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[27]<\/b>&nbsp; Les mots \u00abpeuple\u00bb, \u00abpeuple fondateur\u00bb, \u00absoci\u00e9t\u00e9 distincte\u00bb,<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/span> \u00abnation\u00bb, \u00ab\u00c9tat national\u00bb, \u00ab\u00c9tat du Qu\u00e9bec\u00bb, \u00absouverainet\u00e9\u00bb et \u00abs\u00e9cession\u00bb reviennent donc soulever la passion des souverainistes et hanter les f\u00e9d\u00e9ralistes, mais ailleurs que dans l&#8217;enceinte politique de l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, pour se retrouver, cette fois, aux premi\u00e8res loges de l&#8217;enceinte judiciaire.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[27]<\/b>&nbsp; The words \u201cpeople\u201d, \u201cfounding people\u201d, \u201cdistinct society\u201d<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/span>, \u201cnation\u201d, \u201cnational State\u201d, \u201cQuebec State\u201d, \u201csovereignty\u201d and \u201csecession\u201d thus return to stir up the passions of the sovereignists and to haunt the federalists, but elsewhere than in the political precincts of the National Assembly, this time finding themselves in the front rows of the judicial arena.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[28]<\/b>&nbsp; Il est donc ici question de d\u00e9terminer si la Loi 99 permet au Qu\u00e9bec de s&#8217;autoproclamer \u00c9tat ind\u00e9pendant et de se s\u00e9parer du reste du Canada sans n\u00e9gocier au pr\u00e9alable sa sortie, ce qui serait inconstitutionnel, ou si le contenu de cette Loi vise un autre but, soit faire le point sur les droits et pr\u00e9rogatives du peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois et de ses institutions, ce qui rel\u00e8verait de ses pouvoirs de gestion interne et respecterait \u00e0 la fois la <em>Constitution<\/em> et la <em>Charte des droits et libert\u00e9s<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[28]<\/b>&nbsp; It is thus a question here of determining whether <i>Bill 99<\/i> allows Quebec to proclaim itself an independent State and to separate from the rest of Canada without first negotiating its exit, which would be unconstitutional, or whether the content of this <i>Act<\/i> targets another purpose:&nbsp; taking stock of the rights and prerogatives of the Qu\u00e9bec people and its institutions, which would fall within their powers of internal management and respect both the <i>Constitution<\/i> and the <i>Charter of Rights and Freedoms<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[29]<\/b>&nbsp; Ce jugement dispose ainsi de la premi\u00e8re manche de la joute constitutionnelle amorc\u00e9e par le citoyen Henderson et le Parti \u00e9galit\u00e9 et permet de savoir si le Qu\u00e9bec a enrichi son corpus l\u00e9gislatif d&#8217;un outil valable pour faire face \u00e0 la Loi f\u00e9d\u00e9rale sur la clart\u00e9, dans l&#8217;\u00e9ventualit\u00e9 d&#8217;un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec, ou si le Qu\u00e9bec pourra se servir de cette Loi pour \u00ab\u00e9crire lui aussi son nom dans le grand livre de l&#8217;histoire des peuples\u00bb<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/span>, donc si elle lui permet de d\u00e9clarer unilat\u00e9ralement son ind\u00e9pendance, sans autre formalit\u00e9, de sorte que l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale aurait commis \u00abune erreur historique grave\u00bb en livrant les droits politiques du peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois \u00aben p\u00e2ture\u00bb \u00e0 ceux qui annon\u00e7aient d\u00e9j\u00e0 la contestation dont nous disposons.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[29]<\/b>&nbsp; Consequently, the present judgment terminates round one of the constitutional combat initiated by Citizen Henderson and the Equality Party, and lets it be known whether Quebec has enriched its body of legislation with a valid tool for dealing with the federal law on clarity in a possible referendum on the future of Quebec or whether Quebec can use this law to \u201calso write its name in the great book of the history of peoples\u201d<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/span>, and thus permit it to unilaterally declare its independence, with no further formality, so that the National Assembly would have committed \u201ca grave historical error\u201d by yielding up the political rights of the Quebec people &#8220;as forage&#8221; to those who had already announced the challenge we are here disposing of<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[30]<\/b>&nbsp; Le v\u0153u du citoyen Henderson sera certes exauc\u00e9, mais malheureusement pour lui, probablement pas dans le sens qu&#8217;il souhaitait.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[30]<\/b>&nbsp; Citizen Henderson&#8217;s wish will certainly come true, but unfortunately for him, likely not in the way he hoped.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[31]<\/b>&nbsp; En effet, apr\u00e8s avoir fait l&#8217;\u00e9tude du texte de la <em>Loi 99<\/em>, du contexte dans lequel elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e, et ce, \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re des lois constitutionnelles pertinentes et des principes d&#8217;interpr\u00e9tation applicables, le Tribunal arrive \u00e0 la conclusion que tous les articles de la <em>Loi 99<\/em> passent le test du contr\u00f4le judiciaire et qu&#8217;elle respecte \u00e0 la fois la <em>Constitution<\/em> et la <em>Charte canadienne<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[31]<\/b>&nbsp; Indeed, having studied the text of <i>Bill 99<\/i> and the context in which it was adopted in light of the relevant constitutional laws and principles of interpretation, the Court concludes that all sections of <i>Bill 99<\/i> pass the test of judicial review and respect both the <i>Constitution<\/i> and the <i>Canadian Charter<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[32]<\/b>&nbsp; Esp\u00e9rons que malgr\u00e9 cette conclusion, le citoyen Henderson saura trouver un certain r\u00e9confort en ce qui a trait \u00e0 la suite des choses dans les pages qui suivent, dans l&#8217;\u00e9ventualit\u00e9 o\u00f9 l&#8217;option souverainiste recueille la faveur populaire lors d&#8217;un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[32]<\/b>&nbsp; We hope that in spite of this conclusion, Citizen Henderson will be able to find some comfort with regard to the sequel, in the pages below, should the sovereignist option find public favor in a referendum to come on the future of Quebec.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>18.<\/b>&nbsp; D\u00e9j\u00e0 reconnue dans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solon.org\/Constitutions\/Canada\/English\/PreConfederation\/qa_1774.html\" title=\"The Quebec Act, 1774, 14 George III, c. 83 (U.K.)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>l&#8217;Acte de Qu\u00e9bec de 1774<\/em>, 14 Geo. III, c. 83 (R.U.)<\/u><\/a>, texte reproduit dans L.R.C. 1985, app. II, n<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>o<\/sup><\/span> 2.&nbsp; Voir aussi le <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2000, page 8576, o\u00f9 il est fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 une r\u00e9solution du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00e0 ce sujet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>19.<\/b>&nbsp; Comme il est \u00e9crit dans l&#8217;un des programmes du Parti qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, pi\u00e8ce R-15, page 86.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>20.<\/b>&nbsp; Comme l&#8217;a affirm\u00e9 la d\u00e9put\u00e9e Line Beauchamp, du comt\u00e9 de Sauv\u00e9; voir <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 25 mai 2000, page 6183.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>18.<\/b> Already recognized in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solon.org\/Constitutions\/Canada\/English\/PreConfederation\/qa_1774.html\" title=\"The Quebec Act, 1774, 14 George III, c. 83 (U.K.)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Quebec Act, 1774<\/em>, 14 Geo. III, c. 83 (UK)<\/u><\/a>, text reproduced in RSC 1985, app. II, No. 2.&nbsp; See also the <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em>, December 7, 2000, page 8576, where reference is made to a resolution of the federal government on this subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>19.<\/b>&nbsp; As written in one of the programs of the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, exhibit R-15, page 86.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>20.<\/b>&nbsp; As stated by MNA Beauchamp, from Sauv\u00e9 County; see the <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> of May 25, 2000, page 6183.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>2.<\/b> <b>LA MISE EN CONTEXTE<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>2.<\/b> <b>CONTEXTUALIZATION<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>2.1<\/b>&nbsp; <b>CE QUI A DONN\u00c9 NAISSANCE \u00c0 LA LOI 99<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>2.1<\/b>&nbsp; <b>WHAT GAVE RISE TO BILL 99<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[33]<\/b>&nbsp; D&#8217;habitude, les jugements comportent un chapitre dans lequel les faits litigieux survenus entre les parties sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s, afin de comprendre la toile de fond \u00e0 partir de laquelle se posent ensuite les questions.&nbsp; Vient ensuite l&#8217;expos\u00e9 de la position des parties, tout cela permettant d&#8217;entrer dans l&#8217;analyse, pour ensuite trancher le d\u00e9bat.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[33]<\/b>&nbsp; Customarily, judgments include a section in which the facts in litigation between the parties are presented in order to understand the backdrop from which the questions arise.&nbsp; Then comes the expos\u00e9 of the parties\u2019 positions, all of which allows us to enter onto the analysis, and settle the debate.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[34]<\/b>&nbsp; Comme ce dossier est de nature constitutionnelle et que le seul fait \u00e0 l&#8217;origine du litige est celui d&#8217;avoir adopt\u00e9 une loi comportant certains articles dont la constitutionnalit\u00e9 est contest\u00e9e, la section sur l&#8217;aper\u00e7u aurait normalement suffi pour camper le d\u00e9bat.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[34]<\/b>&nbsp; As this file is constitutional in nature and the only fact at the origin of the litigation is that a law was adopted containing certain provisions whose constitutionality is in dispute, the section on the overview would normally have sufficed to set the scene for debate.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[35]<\/b>&nbsp; Toutefois, les tribunaux sup\u00e9rieurs ont \u00e9labor\u00e9 diverses m\u00e9thodes pour encadrer la mani\u00e8re d&#8217;interpr\u00e9ter un texte de loi de la nature de la <em>Loi 99<\/em>, et ils nous enseignent que les faits historiques, politiques et parfois m\u00eame juridiques ayant entour\u00e9 ou men\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;adoption d&#8217;une telle loi doivent \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9s \u00e0 plus large \u00e9chelle, afin de d\u00e9terminer ce que l&#8217;autorit\u00e9 l\u00e9gislative cherchait \u00e0 accomplir par le biais de la loi contest\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[35]<\/b>&nbsp; However, the superior courts have developed a variety of approaches to give a framework to the manner of interpreting a statute of the nature of <em>Bill 99<\/em>, and they teach us that historical, political and sometimes even legal facts surrounding or leading to the adoption of such a law must be examined on a broader scale to determine what the legislative authority sought to achieve through the challenged law.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[36]<\/b>&nbsp; Nous avons donc choisi de mettre en lumi\u00e8re les circonstances qui ont donn\u00e9 naissance au projet de <em>Loi 99<\/em> d\u00e8s \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, afin d&#8217;identifier le plus t\u00f4t possible le \u00abmal\u00bb que le l\u00e9gislateur souhaitait enrayer et les objectifs qu&#8217;il cherchait \u00e0 accomplir en adoptant cette <em>Loi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[36]<\/b>&nbsp; We have therefore chosen to highlight the circumstances, up to the present, that gave rise to <em>Bill 99<\/em>, so as to identify as quickly as possible the \u201cevil\u201d that the legislator wished to remedy and the objectives it sought to achieve in adopting this <em>Law<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[37]<\/b>&nbsp; De plus, comme le dossier judiciaire a d\u00e9but\u00e9 en 2001 et qu\u2019il est facile de s\u2019y perdre dans ses nombreux rebondissements, il faut revenir sur les \u00e9tapes les plus pertinentes afin de comprendre le r\u00f4le jou\u00e9 par les parties et l\u2019\u00e9volution de leur position respective.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[37]<\/b>&nbsp; Moreover, as the court file began in 2001, and it is easy to get lost in its many twists and turns, we must retrace the most relevant steps in order to understand the roles played by the parties and the evolution of their respective positions.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[38]<\/b>&nbsp; Voil\u00e0 donc le double objet de ce chapitre.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[38]<\/b>&nbsp; Thus the twin object of this section.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[39]<\/b>&nbsp; La preuve permet de faire un bref survol des d\u00e9marches effectu\u00e9es par le Parti qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois en lien avec l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec dans la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration canadienne, entre 1980 et 1995.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[39]<\/b>&nbsp; The evidence permits a brief overview of the efforts of the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois between 1980 and 1995 in relation to Quebec\u2019s future in the Canadian federation.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[40]<\/b>&nbsp; Dans cette preuve, la loi intitul\u00e9e <em>Loi sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em>, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e du temps du premier ministre Parizeau dans le cadre du processus d&#8217;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la souverainet\u00e9, en d\u00e9cembre 1994, retient notre attention, puisqu&#8217;elle n&#8217;est pas \u00e9trang\u00e8re \u00e0 certaines r\u00e9actions des diff\u00e9rentes parties en cause, selon nous.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[40]<\/b>&nbsp; In this evidence, the law entitled <em>An Act Respecting the Future of Qu\u00e9bec<\/em>, introduced in Prime Minister Parizeau&#8217;s time in the context of the process of accession to sovereignty in December 1994, retains our attention, its being not unrelated, in our view, to certain reactions of the various parties involved.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[41]<\/b>&nbsp; En effet, \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9poque o\u00f9 il est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9, ce projet de loi est per\u00e7u par plusieurs comme contenant des articles tr\u00e8s forts<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/span>.&nbsp; Il est finalement soumis \u00e0 la Cour sup\u00e9rieure, qui juge alors qu&#8217;il constitue une \u00abmenace grave aux droits et libert\u00e9s\u00bb du citoyen Guy Bertrand, en septembre 2015 [sic]<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/span>.&nbsp; Cela se passe tout juste un mois avant le r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum d&#8217;octobre 1995.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[41]<\/b>&nbsp; Indeed, at the time of its introduction, this bill was perceived by some as containing quite strong provisions.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/span>&nbsp; It was finally submitted to Superior Court, which considered it a \u201cserious threat to the rights and freedoms\u201d of Citizen Guy Bertrand, in September 2015 [sic]<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/span>.&nbsp; This happened just a month before the October 1995 referendum.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[42]<\/b>&nbsp; Bien que ce projet de loi soit finalement \u00abmort au feuilleton\u00bb<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/span>, il n&#8217;est pas encore tomb\u00e9 dans l&#8217;oubli et laissera m\u00eame des s\u00e9quelles jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9poque o\u00f9 la trame factuelle pertinente \u00e0 notre dossier d\u00e9bute.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[42]<\/b>&nbsp; Although it finally \u201cdied on the order paper,\u201d<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/span> this bill has not yet fallen into oblivion and even leaves aftereffects up to the day when the factual framework begins that is relevant to our file.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[43]<\/b>&nbsp; Mais sur le coup, il provoque de l&#8217;inqui\u00e9tude non seulement chez nous, mais aussi au f\u00e9d\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[43]<\/b>&nbsp; However, at the time, it caused concern not only here (in Quebec), but also at the federal level.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[44]<\/b>&nbsp; Malgr\u00e9 qu&#8217;il se soit fait malmener et qu&#8217;il n&#8217;ait jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9, \u00e0 l&#8217;automne 1995, ce projet de loi est encore relativement chaud.&nbsp; Cela n&#8217;emp\u00eache toutefois pas l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale de maintenir le cap ni de sonder la population qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise, le 30 octobre, dans le cadre d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum tenu en vertu de la <em>Loi sur la consultation populaire<\/em><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/span>, afin de conna\u00eetre les intentions de la population qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec, sujet passionnant, pour certains, mais plut\u00f4t angoissant, pour d&#8217;autres.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[44]<\/b>&nbsp; Although it was manhandled and never adopted, this bill still was relatively hot in the fall of 1995.&nbsp; That, however, did not prevent the National Assembly from staying the course or sounding out the Quebec population on October 30th in the framework of a referendum held under the <i>Referendum Act<\/i><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/span>, so as to know the intentions of the Quebec population on the future of Quebec, an impassioned subject for some, but rather harrowing for others.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[45]<\/b>&nbsp; Soulignons au passage que malgr\u00e9 les effets du jugement condamnant la <em>Loi sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em> \u00e0 la peine capitale, le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral n&#8217;intervient pas pour emp\u00eacher la tenue du r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum de 1995, au motif, par exemple, que la question ne serait pas \u00e0 son go\u00fbt ou parce qu&#8217;il s&#8217;inqui\u00e8te du nombre de votes requis pour que l&#8217;une ou l&#8217;autre des options l&#8217;emporte.&nbsp; Il ne tente pas davantage de l\u00e9gif\u00e9rer sur le contenu des questions qui devraient \u00eatre soumises lors de ce r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum ni pour g\u00e9rer le d\u00e9compte des votes ou interpr\u00e9ter le caract\u00e8re significatif du r\u00e9sultat.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[45]<\/b>&nbsp; We underline in passing that despite the effects of the judgment condemning <em>An Act respecting the future of Quebec<\/em> to the death penalty, the Federal government did not intervene to prevent the conduct of the 1995 referendum on the ground, for example, that it disliked the question, or it was worried about the number of votes required for one or the option to prevail.&nbsp; Nor did it try to legislate the content of the questions to be submitted in the referendum, nor supervise the vote count nor interpret the meaning of the result.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>21.<\/b>&nbsp; Aux articles 1 et 2, on lisait que l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale \u00e9tait autoris\u00e9e \u00e0 prononcer la souverainet\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, que cette proclamation devait \u00eatre pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d&#8217;une offre de partenariat \u00e9conomique et politique avec le Canada, qu&#8217;\u00e0 la date fix\u00e9e par la proclamation, la d\u00e9claration de souverainet\u00e9 prenait effet et le Qu\u00e9bec devenait souverain, acqu\u00e9rant alors le pouvoir exclusif d&#8217;adopter toutes ses lois, de pr\u00e9lever tous ses imp\u00f4ts et de conclure tous ses trait\u00e9s.&nbsp; Ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la conclusion du juge Lesage que le projet de Loi comportait une menace pour les droits du citoyen Guy Bertrand.&nbsp; Voir aussi le jugement rendu par le juge Jacques Blanchard de notre Cour, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii12069\/1998canlii12069.html\" title=\"Bertrand c. Bouchard, \u00e8s qualit\u00e9s Premier Ministre, 1998 CanLII 12069 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[1998] R.J.Q. 1203<\/u><\/a>, \u00e0 la page 1217.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>22.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/1995\/1995canlii11036\/1995canlii11036.html\" title=\"Bertrand v. Quebec (Procureur General), 1995 CanLII 11036 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[1995] R.J.Q. 2500 (C.S.) 2516<\/u><\/a>, par. 85, pi\u00e8ce R-9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>23.<\/b>&nbsp; Expression utilis\u00e9e par les juges Robert Pidgeon et Jacques Blanchard, dans deux d\u00e9cisions rendues par la Cour sup\u00e9rieure dans des dossiers impliquant Guy Bertrand, en lien avec ce projet de loi, ou y faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.calameo.com\/books\/000111790465e7568d840\" title=\"1996 CarswellQue 893, (sub nom. Bertrand c. B\u00e9gin) 138 D.L.R. (4th) 481, [1996] R.J.Q. 2393, EYB 1996-87669, J.E. 96-1799\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[1996] R.J.Q. 2393<\/u><\/a> et [1998] R.J.Q. 1203, de m\u00eame qu&#8217;utilis\u00e9e par le juge Michel C\u00f4t\u00e9, j.c.s., dans le pr\u00e9sent dossier, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/2002\/2002canlii527\/2002canlii527.html\" title=\"Henderson c. Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral), 2002 CanLII 527 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>2002 Canlii 527 OCCS<\/i><\/u><\/a>, laquelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 renvers\u00e9e par la Cour d&#8217;appel, qui a \u00e9galement repris cette expression, dans <em>Henderson<\/em> c. <em>Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral)<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2007\/2007qcca1138\/2007qcca1138.html\" title=\"Henderson c. Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral), 2007 QCCA 1138 (CanLII)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>2007 QCCA 1138<\/u><\/a>, par. 53.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>24.<\/b>&nbsp; RLRQ., c. C-64.1.<span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>21.<\/b>&nbsp; At sections 1 and 2, we read that the National Assembly was authorized to declare the sovereignty of Quebec, that this proclamation should be preceded by an offer of economic and political partnership with Canada, that at the date fixed by proclamation, the declaration of sovereignty was to take effect and Quebec was to become sovereign, thus acquiring the exclusive power to adopt all its laws, to collect all its taxes and to conclude all its treaties.&nbsp; These elements contributed to Justice Lesage\u2019s conclusion that the Bill posed a threat to the rights of Citizen Guy Bertrand.&nbsp; See also the judgment of Jacques Blanchard J. of this Court, <a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=fr&amp;tl=en&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Ffr%2Fqc%2Fqccs%2Fdoc%2F1998%2F1998canlii12069%2F1998canlii12069.html\" title=\"Bertrand c. Bouchard, \u00e8s qualit\u00e9s Premier Ministre, 1998 CanLII 12069 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[1998] R.J.Q. 1203<\/u><\/a>, at page 1217.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>22.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/1995\/1995canlii11036\/1995canlii11036.html\" title=\"Bertrand v. Quebec (Procureur General), 1995 CanLII 11036 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[1995] RJQ 2500 (CS) 2516<\/u><\/a>, para. 85, Exhibit R-9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>23.<\/b>&nbsp; Expression used by Judges Robert Pidgeon and Jacques Blanchard in two decisions of the Superior Court in files involving Guy Bertrand, in relation to or referring to this bill, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.calameo.com\/books\/000111790465e7568d840\" title=\"1996 CarswellQue 893, (sub nom. Bertrand c. B\u00e9gin) 138 D.L.R. (4th) 481, [1996] R.J.Q. 2393, EYB 1996-87669, J.E. 96-1799\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[1996] RJQ 2393<\/u><\/a> and [1998] RJQ 1203, as used by Justice Michel C\u00f4t\u00e9, JCS, in this case, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/2002\/2002canlii527\/2002canlii527.html\" title=\"Henderson c. Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral), 2002 CanLII 527 (QC CS)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><i>2002 Canlii 527 OCCS<\/i><\/u><\/a> which was overturned by the Court of Appeal\u2014which also used this expression\u2014in <em>Henderson<\/em> v. <em>Quebec<\/em> (<em>Attorney General<\/em>), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2007\/2007qcca1138\/2007qcca1138.html\" title=\"Henderson c. Qu\u00e9bec (Procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral), 2007 QCCA 1138 (CanLII)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>2007 QCCA 1138 (CanLII)<\/u><\/a>, at para. 53.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>24.<\/b>&nbsp; CQLR c. C-64.1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[46]<\/b>&nbsp; Ce processus r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire de 1995 se fait donc sous l&#8217;entier contr\u00f4le des institutions qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises, dans le respect de la d\u00e9mocratie, et guid\u00e9 par les prescriptions de la <em>Loi sur la consultation populaire<\/em><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[46]<\/b>&nbsp; This referendum process of 1995 thus took place under the full control of Quebec institutions, with respect for democracy, and guided by the provisions of the <em>Referendum Act<\/em><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[47]<\/b>&nbsp; Le r\u00e9sultat de ce r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum, soit 49.42&nbsp;% de la population qui souhaite que le Qu\u00e9bec se s\u00e9pare du Canada, en surprend plus d&#8217;un et cela change quelque chose \u00e0 la donne; une vague d&#8217;inqui\u00e9tude sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent se propage instantan\u00e9ment jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 Ottawa, \u00e0 la vitesse d&#8217;un \u00e9clair, et laisse aussi des traces dans les autres provinces.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[47]<\/b>&nbsp; The result of this referendum, meaning that 49.42% of the Quebec population wished to separate from Canada, surprised more than one, and that changed something in the cards that had been dealt; an unprecedented wave of anxiety instantly spread at lightning speed as far as Ottawa, also leaving traces in the other provinces.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[48]<\/b>&nbsp; Nous sommes d&#8217;avis que cette onde de choc donne ensuite lieu \u00e0 des d\u00e9marches qui sont loin d&#8217;\u00eatre \u00e9trang\u00e8res \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision que prendra l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale d&#8217;adopter la <em>Loi 99<\/em>, quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[48]<\/b>&nbsp; In our opinion, this shock wave then gave rise to steps that are far from unconnected to the decision of the National Assembly to adopt <i>Bill 99<\/i> a few years later.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[49]<\/b>&nbsp; La premi\u00e8re d\u00e9marche qui trahit cet effet est l&#8217;adoption par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, le 30 septembre 1996, d&#8217;un d\u00e9cret lui permettant d&#8217;initier une demande de <em>Renvoi<\/em> \u00e0 la Cour supr\u00eame ayant comme th\u00e8me la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[49]<\/b>&nbsp; The first step exposing this effect was the adoption by the federal government, on September 30, 1996, of an Order in Council directing a <i>Reference<\/i> to the Supreme Court (of Canada) with Quebec secession as its theme.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[50]<\/b>&nbsp; Pour comprendre en quoi cette demande de <em>Renvoi<\/em> joue un r\u00f4le essentiel dans l&#8217;adoption de la future <em>Loi 99<\/em>, voici les <a href=\"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/les-trois-questions-relative-a-la-secession-origines\/\" title=\"Les Trois Questions Relative \u00c0 La S\u00e9cession \u2013 Origines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>trois questions<\/u><\/a> soumises par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral au plus haut tribunal du pays&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[50]<\/b>&nbsp; To understand why this Order for a <i>Reference<\/i> plays a vital role in the adoption of the future <i>Bill 99<\/i>, here are the <a href=\"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/the-three-questions-relating-to-secession-origins\/\" title=\"The Three Questions Relating To Secession \u2013 Origins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>three questions<\/u><\/a> submitted by the federal government to the highest court in the country:<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>1.<\/b>&nbsp; L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale, la l\u00e9gislature, ou le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec peut-il, en vertu de la Constitution du Canada, proc\u00e9der unilat\u00e9ralement \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec du Canada?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>1.<\/b>&nbsp; Under the Constitution of Canada, can the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>2.<\/b> L&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, la l\u00e9gislature, ou le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec poss\u00e8de-t-il, en vertu du droit international, le droit de proc\u00e9der unilat\u00e9ralement \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec du Canada&nbsp;&nbsp; \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, existe-t-il un droit \u00e0 l&#8217;autod\u00e9termination qui procurerait \u00e0 l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale la l\u00e9gislature, ou le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec le droit de proc\u00e9der unilat\u00e9ralement \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec du Canada&nbsp;?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>2.<\/b>&nbsp; Does international law give the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec the right to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally?  In this regard, is there a right to self-determination under international law that would give the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec the right to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>3.<\/b> Lequel du droit interne ou du droit international aurait pr\u00e9s\u00e9ance au Canada dans l&#8217;\u00e9ventualit\u00e9 d&#8217;un conflit entre eux quant au droit de l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, la l\u00e9gislature, ou le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec de proc\u00e9der unilat\u00e9ralement \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec du Canada&nbsp;?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>3.<\/b>&nbsp; In the event of a conflict between domestic and international law on the right of the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally, which would take precedence in Canada?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[51]<\/b>&nbsp; Deux ans plus tard, le 30 ao\u00fbt 1998, la Cour supr\u00eame r\u00e9pond \u00e0 ces questions dans un <em>Avis consultatif<\/em> <em>tr\u00e8s<\/em> \u00e9labor\u00e9 dont chaque mot sera par la suite minutieusement \u00e9tudi\u00e9 pour bien en saisir la port\u00e9e, le sujet \u00e9tant d&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eat public et le contenu \u00e9tant susceptible d&#8217;avoir un impact sur les droits et obligations des uns et des autres lors d&#8217;un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur la d\u00e9termination de l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec ou m\u00eame de celui d&#8217;une autre province canadienne.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[51]<\/b>&nbsp; Two years later, on August 30, 1998, the Supreme Court answered these questions in a quite elaborate <i>Advisory Opinion<\/i>, each word of which would be meticulously studied to grasp its meaning, the subject being of public interest and the content likely to have an impact on the rights and obligations of everyone in an upcoming referendum to determine the future of Quebec or even that of any other Canadian province.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\">*&nbsp;Note du traductrice&nbsp;:&nbsp; La version anglaise officielle du rapport Lexum a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 ici pour les \u00abtrois questions\u00bb:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/scc-csc.lexum.com\/scc-csc\/scc-csc\/en\/item\/1643\/index.do\" title=\"Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Reference re Secession of Quebec<\/em>, [1998] 2 S.C.R.<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\">*&nbsp;Translator\u2019s note:&nbsp; the official English version of the \u201cthree questions\u201d found in the Lexum report has been used above:&nbsp; <a href=\"Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217\" title=\"Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Reference re Secession of Quebec<\/em>, [1998] 2 S.C.R.<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>25.<\/b>&nbsp; RLRQ., c. C-64.1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>25.<\/b>&nbsp; CQLR, c. C-64.1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[52]<\/b>&nbsp; C&#8217;est au tour de cet <em>Avis consultatif<\/em> de soulever les passions et de faire couler beaucoup d&#8217;encre.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[52]<\/b>&nbsp; It was the turn of this <em>Advisory Opinion<\/em> to stir passions and to cause much ink to be spilled.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[53]<\/b>&nbsp; Sur certains points, le contenu de <em>l\u2019Avis consultatif<\/em> explique la deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tape que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral entame en lien avec la tenue d&#8217;un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum au Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[53]<\/b>&nbsp; On some points, the content of the <i>Advisory Opinion<\/i> explains the second step the federal government took in connection with the conduct of a future referendum in Quebec.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[54]<\/b>&nbsp; Tout d&#8217;abord, la Cour r\u00e9it\u00e8re que rien, dans la <em>Constitution<\/em>, ne l&#8217;emp\u00eache d&#8217;agir \u00e0 titre consultatif comme le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral lui demande de faire.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[54]<\/b>&nbsp; First of all, the Court reiterated that nothing in the <em>Constitution<\/em> precluded it from acting in an advisory capacity, as the federal government asked it to do.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[55]<\/b>&nbsp; Consid\u00e9rant que les questions soumises n&#8217;ont pas qu&#8217;une vocation purement politique et qu&#8217;elles ont une importance fondamentale pour le public, la Cour supr\u00eame confirme leur caract\u00e8re justiciable, ce qui signifie qu&#8217;un tribunal peut s&#8217;y pencher et elle accepte de donner son avis sur les trois, \u00e9tant consciente que ses r\u00e9ponses n&#8217;usurperont pas le pouvoir d\u00e9mocratique de d\u00e9cision que la population du Qu\u00e9bec d\u00e9tient et qu&#8217;elle pourrait \u00eatre appel\u00e9e \u00e0 exercer en regard du droit \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession, sur lequel elle fait certains \u00e9nonc\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[55]<\/b>&nbsp; Considering that the questions submitted were not purely political in nature and are fundamentally important to the public, the Supreme Court confirmed their justiciability, meaning that a Court may consider them, and it agreed to give its opinion on all three, aware that its answers would not usurp the democratic decision-making power that the Quebec population possesses and that it might be called upon to exercise with regard to the right to secession, concerning which it made some pronouncements.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[56]<\/b>&nbsp; Afin de rassurer les citoyens que son intervention se limite \u00e0 circonscrire le cadre juridique dans lequel une d\u00e9cision d\u00e9mocratique de se s\u00e9parer du reste du Canada devrait \u00eatre prise par le Qu\u00e9bec, la Cour confirme, en lien avec ce sujet, qu&#8217;il existe une distinction fondamentale en [sic] la fonction judiciaire et la fonction politique.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[56]<\/b>&nbsp; In order to reassure the citizens that its intervention was limited to circumscribing the legal framework in which a democratic decision to separate from the rest of Canada should be taken by Quebec, the Court confirmed, in that connection, that there is a fundamental distinction between the judicial function and the political function.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[57]<\/b>&nbsp; C&#8217;est dans ce contexte qu&#8217;elle r\u00e9it\u00e8re, deux fois plut\u00f4t qu&#8217;une, qu&#8217;il reviendra aux acteurs politiques, suivant les circonstances dans lesquelles un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum pourrait \u00eatre tenu lors de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape du processus, de d\u00e9terminer en quoi consiste \u00abune majorit\u00e9 claire en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une question claire\u00bb, et aussi de d\u00e9terminer le contenu des n\u00e9gociations et du processus de mise en \u0153uvre du d\u00e9sir de faire s\u00e9cession, dans une deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tape.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[57]<\/b>&nbsp; In this context, it repeats not once but twice, that it is up to the political actors, depending on the circumstances in which a future referendum might be held in the first stage of the process, to determine what constitutes \u201ca clear majority in response to a clear question,\u201d and also to determine the content of the negotiations and the process for implementing the desire to secede, in a second step.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[58]<\/b>&nbsp; Elle pr\u00e9cise que les questions discut\u00e9es lors de telles n\u00e9gociations sont de nature politique et ajoute que les tribunaux ne devraient pas en surveiller les tenants et aboutissants.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[58]<\/b>&nbsp; It stipulates that the questions discussed in the course of these negotiations are political in nature and it adds that the courts should not superintend the ins and outs.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[59]<\/b>&nbsp; Sur la premi\u00e8re question, la Cour supr\u00eame conclut que dans le cadre constitutionnel existant, la s\u00e9cession d&#8217;une province ne peut \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e sans n\u00e9gociations avec les autres membres de la <em>Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[59]<\/b>&nbsp; On the first question, the Supreme Court found that within the existing constitutional framework, the secession of a province could not be achieved without negotiations with the other members of the <em>Confederation<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[60]<\/b>&nbsp; Elle confirme que tout participant \u00e0 la <em>Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration<\/em> a le droit de prendre l&#8217;initiative de modifications de l&#8217;ordre constitutionnel existant.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[60]<\/b>&nbsp; It confirmed that any participant in <em>Confederation<\/em> has the right to take the initiative to amend the existing constitutional order.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[61]<\/b>&nbsp; Elle affirme aussi qu&#8217;un vote aboutissant \u00e0 une majorit\u00e9 claire en faveur de la s\u00e9cession au Qu\u00e9bec, en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une question claire, conf\u00e9rerait une l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique au projet de s\u00e9cession et que tous les autres participants \u00e0 la <em>Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration<\/em> auraient alors l&#8217;obligation de reconna\u00eetre ce fait.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[61]<\/b>&nbsp; It also affirmed that a vote leading to a clear majority in favor of secession in Quebec, in answer to a clear question, would confer democratic legitimacy on the secession project and that all the other participants in <em>Confederation<\/em> would then be required to recognize this fact.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[62]<\/b>&nbsp; Par contre, elle insiste qu&#8217;\u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tape de la d\u00e9marche, le Qu\u00e9bec ne pourra \u00eatre le seul \u00e0 dicter la suite des choses.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[62]<\/b>&nbsp; On the other hand, it emphasized that at the second stage of the process, Quebec will not be alone in dictating what comes next.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[63]<\/b>&nbsp; Pour elle, le vote d\u00e9mocratique qui intervient \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape du processus de s\u00e9cession, aussi fort soit-il, n&#8217;a aucun effet juridique. Ce vote ne pourra donc justifier le Qu\u00e9bec de mettre de c\u00f4t\u00e9 les principes du f\u00e9d\u00e9ralisme et de la primaut\u00e9 du droit, de m\u00eame que les droits de la personne et ceux des minorit\u00e9s dans les autres provinces ou dans l&#8217;ensemble du Canada afin de faire s\u00e9cession unilat\u00e9ralement, puisque les droits d\u00e9mocratiques qu&#8217;il poss\u00e8de ont pour corollaire des obligations constitutionnelles qu&#8217;il doit respecter.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[63]<\/b>&nbsp; For [the Court], the democratic vote which intervenes at the first step of the secession process, no matter how strong, has no legal effect. This vote cannot justify Quebec&#8217;s setting aside the principles of federalism and the Rule of Law, as well as human rights and the rights of minorities in other provinces or in Canada as a whole in order to secede unilaterally, since the democratic rights it possesses have as corollary constitutional obligations that it must respect.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[64]<\/b>&nbsp; La Cour ajoute toutefois que face au r\u00e9sultat d&#8217;un tel vote, l&#8217;ordre constitutionnel ne pourra demeurer indiff\u00e9rent&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[64]<\/b>&nbsp; The Court adds, however, that faced with the outcome of such a vote, the constitutional order could not remain indifferent:<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>87.<\/b>&nbsp; La Constitution elle-m\u00eame ne traite pas d&#8217;un recours au r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum, et les r\u00e9sultats d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum n&#8217;ont aucun r\u00f4le direct ni effet juridique dans notre r\u00e9gime constitutionnel, mais un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum peut certainement fournir un moyen d\u00e9mocratique de conna\u00eetre l&#8217;opinion de l&#8217;\u00e9lectorat sur des questions politiques importantes dans un cas pr\u00e9cis. Le principe d\u00e9mocratique d\u00e9fini plus haut exigerait d&#8217;accorder un poids consid\u00e9rable \u00e0 l&#8217;expression claire par la population du Qu\u00e9bec de sa volont\u00e9 de faire s\u00e9cession du Canada m\u00eame si un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum, de lui-m\u00eame et sans plus, n&#8217;aurait aucun effet juridique direct et ne pourrait \u00e0 lui seul r\u00e9aliser une s\u00e9cession unilat\u00e9rale. Nos institutions politiques sont bas\u00e9es sur le principe d\u00e9mocratique et, par cons\u00e9quent, l&#8217;expression de la volont\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique de la population d&#8217;une province aurait du poids, en ce sens qu&#8217;elle conf\u00e9rerait l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 aux efforts que ferait le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec pour engager un processus de modification de la Constitution en vue de faire s\u00e9cession par des voies constitutionnelles. Dans ce contexte, nous parlons de majorit\u00e9 \u00abclaire\u00bb au sens qualitatif. Pour \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme l&#8217;expression de la volont\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique, les r\u00e9sultats d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum doivent \u00eatre d\u00e9nu\u00e9s de toute ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 en ce qui concerne tant la question pos\u00e9e que l&#8217;appui re\u00e7u.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\">[&#8230;]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>87.<\/b>&nbsp; The Constitution itself does not deal with a referendum, and the results of a referendum have no direct role or legal effect in our constitutional system , but a referendum can certainly provide a democratic opinion of the electorate on important political issues in a particular case. The democratic principle defined above would require giving considerable weight to the clear expression by the people of Quebec of their desire to secede from Canada even if a referendum, of itself and without more, would have no legal effect. direct and could not alone achieve a unilateral secession. Our political institutions are based on the democratic principle and, therefore, the expression of the democratic will of the population of a province would have weight, in the sense that it would confer legitimacy on the efforts of the Quebec government to engage a process of constitutional amendment to secede through constitutional channels. In this context, we speak of a &#8220;clear&#8221; majority in the qualitative sense. To be considered as an expression of democratic will, the results of a referendum must be unambiguous with regard to both the question posed and the support received.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\">[&#8230;]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>151.<\/b>&nbsp; Le Qu\u00e9bec ne pourrait, malgr\u00e9 un r\u00e9sultat r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire clair, invoquer un droit \u00e0 l&#8217;autod\u00e9termination <b>pour dicter aux autres parties<\/b> \u00e0 la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration <b>les conditions d&#8217;un projet de s\u00e9cession<\/b>.&nbsp; Le vote d\u00e9mocratique, <b>quelle que soit l&#8217;ampleur de la majorit\u00e9<\/b>, n&#8217;aurait en soi aucun effet juridique et ne pourrait \u00e9carter les principes du f\u00e9d\u00e9ralisme et de la primaut\u00e9 du droit, les droits de la personne et des minorit\u00e9s, non plus que le fonctionnement de la d\u00e9mocratie dans les autres provinces ou dans l&#8217;ensemble du Canada.&nbsp; Les droits d\u00e9mocratiques fond\u00e9s sur la Constitution ne peuvent \u00eatre dissoci\u00e9s des obligations constitutionnelles.&nbsp; La proposition inverse n&#8217;est pas acceptable non plus.&nbsp; L&#8217;ordre constitutionnel canadien existant ne pourrait pas demeurer indiff\u00e9rent devant l&#8217;expression claire, par une majorit\u00e9 claire de Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, de leur volont\u00e9 de ne plus faire partie du Canada.&nbsp; Les autres provinces et le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral n&#8217;auraient aucune raison valable de nier au gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec le droit de chercher \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser la s\u00e9cession, si une majorit\u00e9 claire de la population du Qu\u00e9bec choisissait cette voie, tant et aussi longtemps que, dans cette poursuite, le Qu\u00e9bec respecterait les droits des autres.&nbsp; <b>Les n\u00e9gociations qui suivraient un tel vote porteraient sur l&#8217;acte potentiel de s\u00e9cession et sur<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>151.<\/b>&nbsp; Quebec could not, despite a clear referendum result, purport to invoke a right of self-determination <b>to dictate the terms of a proposed secession to the other parties<\/b> to the federation.&nbsp;  The democratic vote, <b>by however strong a majority<\/b>, would have no legal effect on its own and could not push aside the principles of federalism and the Rule of Law, the rights of individuals and minorities, or the operation of democracy in the other provinces or in Canada as a whole.&nbsp; Democratic rights under the Constitution cannot be divorced from constitutional obligations.   Nor, however, can the reverse proposition be accepted.  The continued existence and operation of the Canadian constitutional order could not be indifferent to a clear expression of a clear majority of Quebecers that they no longer wish to remain in Canada.  The other provinces and the federal government would have no basis to deny the right of the government of Quebec to pursue secession, should a clear majority of the people of Quebec choose that goal, so long as in doing so, Quebec respects the rights of others.  <b>The negotiations that followed such a vote would address the potential act of secession as well as<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>ses conditions \u00e9ventuelles si elle devait effectivement \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e<\/b>.&nbsp; <b>Il n&#8217;y aurait aucune conclusion pr\u00e9d\u00e9termin\u00e9e en droit sur quelque aspect que ce soit<\/b>.&nbsp; Les n\u00e9gociations devraient traiter des int\u00e9r\u00eats des autres provinces, du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, du Qu\u00e9bec et, en fait, des droits de tous les Canadiens \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur et \u00e0 l&#8217;ext\u00e9rieur du Qu\u00e9bec, et plus particuli\u00e8rement des droits des minorit\u00e9s.&nbsp; Il va sans dire que de telles n\u00e9gociations ne seraient pas ais\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>its possible terms should in fact secession proceed.&nbsp; There would be no conclusions predetermined by law on any issue.<\/b>&nbsp; Negotiations would need to address the interests of the other provinces, the federal government, Quebec and indeed the rights of all Canadians both within and outside Quebec, and specifically the rights of minorities.&nbsp; No one suggests that it would be an easy set of negotiations.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>152.<\/b>&nbsp; Le processus de n\u00e9gociation exigerait la conciliation de divers droits et obligations par voie de n\u00e9gociation entre deux majorit\u00e9s l\u00e9gitimes, soit la majorit\u00e9 de la population du Qu\u00e9bec et celle de l&#8217;ensemble du Canada.&nbsp; <b><u>Une majorit\u00e9 politique<\/u><\/b><u>, \u00e0 l&#8217;un ou l&#8217;autre niveau, <b>qui n&#8217;agirait pas en accord avec les principes<\/b> sous-jacents de la Constitution que nous avons <b>mentionn\u00e9s<\/b> <b>mettrait en p\u00e9ril la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de l&#8217;exercice de ses droits et ultimement l&#8217;acceptation du r\u00e9sultat par la communaut\u00e9 internationale<\/b><\/u>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n<p style=\"padding-left:18px;text-align:left;\"><b>152.<\/b>&nbsp; The negotiation process would require the reconciliation of various rights and obligations by negotiation between two legitimate majorities, namely, the majority of the population of Quebec, and that of Canada as a whole.  <u><b>A political majority<\/b> at either level <b>that does not act in accordance with the underlying constitutional principles we have mentioned puts at risk the legitimacy of its exercise of its rights, and the ultimate acceptance of the result by the international community.<\/b><\/u><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[65]<\/b>&nbsp; Sur la question 2, la Cour est d&#8217;avis que m\u00eame si la majeure partie de la population du Qu\u00e9bec partage un bon nombre de traits qui caract\u00e9risent un peuple, il n&#8217;est pas n\u00e9cessaire de confirmer ou d&#8217;infirmer ce fait juridique, puisqu&#8217;en droit international, le Qu\u00e9bec ne constitue pas un peuple \u00abcolonis\u00e9 ou opprim\u00e9\u00bb et que les Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois ne se voient pas refuser un r\u00e9el acc\u00e8s au gouvernement pour assurer leur d\u00e9veloppement politique, \u00e9conomique, culturel et social.&nbsp; C&#8217;est ce qui lui fait conclure qu&#8217;en droit international, l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, la l\u00e9gislature et le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec ne poss\u00e8dent pas le droit de proc\u00e9der <em>unilat\u00e9ralement<\/em> \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec du Canada, au sens o\u00f9 elle d\u00e9crit le mot unilat\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[65]<\/b>&nbsp; On question 2, the Court was of the view that even though the major part of Quebec&#8217;s population shares many traits that characterize a people, it was not necessary to confirm or refute this legal fact, since at international law, Quebec does not constitute a \u201ccolonized or oppressed\u201d people and Quebecers are not denied real access to government to assure their political, economic, cultural and social development.&nbsp; This led it to conclude that at international law, the National Assembly, legislature and government of Quebec has no right to proceed <i>unilaterally<\/i> to the secession of Quebec from Canada, in the sense in which it describes the word unilateral.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[66]<\/b>&nbsp; Malgr\u00e9 ces \u00e9nonc\u00e9s, elle reconna\u00eet qu&#8217;il est toujours possible qu&#8217;une d\u00e9claration de s\u00e9cession inconstitutionnelle (sans n\u00e9gociations pr\u00e9alables) intervienne et ajoute qu&#8217;une telle d\u00e9claration conduirait \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession, dans les faits.&nbsp; Mais elle consid\u00e8re que le succ\u00e8s d&#8217;une telle s\u00e9cession d\u00e9pendrait de sa reconnaissance par la communaut\u00e9 internationale, qui \u00e9tudierait le comportement de toutes les parties en cause, avant de reconna\u00eetre une telle s\u00e9cession.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[66]<\/b>&nbsp; Despite these pronouncements, it recognized that an unconstitutional declaration of secession (without prior negotiations) was always possible, adding that such a declaration would indeed lead to secession.&nbsp; But it viewed the success of that kind of secession as dependent on its recognition by the international community, which would study the comportment of all the parties involved before recognizing it.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[67]<\/b>&nbsp; Quant \u00e0 la question 3, la Cour conclut qu&#8217;il n&#8217;existe aucun conflit entre le droit interne (canadien) et le droit international pour r\u00e9pondre aux questions pos\u00e9es, ce qui cl\u00f4t le d\u00e9bat.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[67]<\/b>&nbsp; As to question 3, the Court concluded that there was no conflict between domestic (Canadian) law and international law, thus answering all the questions posed, which ended the debate.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[68]<\/b>&nbsp; Le message de la Cour supr\u00eame est donc clair&nbsp;:&nbsp; le Qu\u00e9bec d\u00e9tient une souverainet\u00e9 interne qui lui permet de poser certains gestes politiques consultatifs en vue de mener \u00e0 terme un projet s\u00e9cessionniste, mais le simple fait que la population vote en faveur d&#8217;un tel projet ne suffit pas pour lui reconna\u00eetre <em>illico<\/em> le statut d&#8217;\u00c9tat ind\u00e9pendant.&nbsp; Pour donner suite \u00e0 ce vote, le Qu\u00e9bec doit ensuite n\u00e9gocier de bonne foi avec les autres membres de la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration, ces derniers ayant \u00e9videmment la m\u00eame obligation que le Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 ce chapitre, soit de n\u00e9gocier, eux aussi.&nbsp; La Cour se dit consciente que ces n\u00e9gociations ne seront pas n\u00e9cessairement faciles.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[68]<\/b>&nbsp; The message of the Supreme Court is therefore clear:&nbsp; Quebec has an internal sovereignty that allows it to make certain consultative political gestures in order to carry out a secessionist project, but the simple fact that the population voted in favor of such a project would not be enough to grant it, off-the-cuff, the status of an independent State.&nbsp; To give effect to this vote, Quebec must negotiate in good faith with the other members of the federation, these latter obviously having the same obligation as Quebec at this stage, to negotiate, too.&nbsp; The Court is aware that these negotiations will not necessarily be easy.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[69]<\/b>&nbsp; Tous les acteurs politiques et les constitutionnalistes mettent ensuite les \u00e9nergies n\u00e9cessaires pour apporter leur propre interpr\u00e9tation de la recette qui se<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[69]<\/b>&nbsp; All the political actors and the constitutionalists then employed the necessary energies to contribute their own interpretation of the recipe that<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">d\u00e9gage de cet <em>Avis consultatif<\/em>, dans l&#8217;hypoth\u00e8se d&#8217;un nouveau processus s\u00e9cessionniste.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">emerges from this <i>Advisory Opinion<\/i>, on the assumption of a new secessionist process.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[70]<\/b>&nbsp; M\u00eame si nous n&#8217;avons pas eu le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de consulter de preuve sur la r\u00e9action du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00e0 cet <em>Avis<\/em>, celle de Lucien Bouchard est significative sur l&#8217;effet que <em>l\u2019Avis consultatif <\/em>a pu avoir sur le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral.&nbsp; Ce dernier d\u00e9clare que <em>l\u2019Avis<\/em> a cr\u00e9\u00e9 \u00abune v\u00e9ritable commotion \u00e0 Ottawa\u00bb, parce que la Cour supr\u00eame a affirm\u00e9 \u00abclairement et express\u00e9ment la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 du projet souverainiste qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois\u00bb et qu&#8217;elle \u00abn&#8217;a d&#8217;aucune fa\u00e7on remis en cause le droit de l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale de d\u00e9cider seule de la question et du seuil de la majorit\u00e9\u00bb lors d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec tenu en vertu de la <em>Loi sur la consultation populaire<\/em><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[70]<\/b>&nbsp; Even if we have not yet had the benefit of consulting the evidence on the reaction of the federal government to this <i>Advisory<\/i>, that of Lucien Bouchard is revealing as to the effect the <i>Advisory Opinion<\/i> might have had on the federal government.&nbsp; He declared that the <i>Advisory<\/i> created \u201ca real commotion in Ottawa,\u201d because the Supreme Court affirmed \u201cclearly and expressly the legitimacy of the Quebec sovereignist project\u201d and \u201cin no way put in doubt the right of the National Assembly to decide by itself on the question and the majority threshold\u201d in a referendum on the future of Quebec conducted under the <i>Referendum Act<\/i>.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[71]<\/b>&nbsp; Que l&#8217;on soit ou non d&#8217;accord avec son interpr\u00e9tation importe peu&nbsp;; ce qui est pertinent est la r\u00e9action que les propos de la Cour supr\u00eame ont pu raisonnablement provoquer au sein du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[71]<\/b>&nbsp; Whether we agree or not with his interpretation is beside the point; what is relevant is the reaction that the words of the Supreme Court might reasonably have provoked within the federal government.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[72]<\/b>&nbsp; Nous sommes d&#8217;opinion que <em>l\u2019Avis consultatif<\/em> de 1998 a eu un effet de levier qui a inspir\u00e9 le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral dans la pr\u00e9paration du projet de loi dont le titre choisi est des plus \u00e9vocateurs&nbsp;:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lc-2000-c-26\/derniere\/lc-2000-c-26.html\" title=\"Loi donnant effet \u00e0 l'exigence de clart\u00e9 formul\u00e9e par la cour supr\u00eame du Canada dans son avis sur le renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Loi donnant effet \u00e0 l&#8217;exigence de clart\u00e9 formul\u00e9e par la Cour supr\u00eame du Canada dans son avis sur le Renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em><\/a> (<em>Loi C-20<\/em>), qu&#8217;il a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 d\u00e8s d\u00e9cembre 1999, \u00e0 la Chambre des communes<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[72]<\/b>&nbsp; In our view, the 1998 <i>Advisory Opinion<\/i> had the effect of a ratchet, inspiring the federal government to prepare a bill, the chosen title of which is most evocative:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/sc-2000-c-26\/latest\/sc-2000-c-26.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQALY2xhcml0eSBhY3QAAAAAAQ&amp;resultIndex=1\" title=\"An Act to Give Effect to the Requirement for Clarity as Set out in the Opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>An Act to Give Effect to the Requirement for Clarity as Set out in the Opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference<\/i><\/a> (<em>Bill C-20<\/em>), introduced in the House of Commons in December 1999.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[73]<\/b>&nbsp; Cette derni\u00e8re, ainsi que le S\u00e9nat, ont alors fait du pouce sur les pouvoirs que la Cour supr\u00eame venait tout juste de reconna\u00eetre aux acteurs politiques, en lien avec la clart\u00e9 r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire dans un contexte de s\u00e9cession, se sentant alors clairement interpell\u00e9s par les propos de la Cour.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[73]<\/b>&nbsp; The latter, as well as the Senate, then turned a blind eye to the powers the Supreme Court had just recognized to the political actors in connection with referendum clarity in a context of secession, thus clearly feeling challenged by the Court\u2019s words.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[74]<\/b>&nbsp; C&#8217;est de cette pr\u00e9rogative conf\u00e9r\u00e9e au pouvoir politique que r\u00e9sulte la sanction de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>, le 29 juin 2000, alors que se joue en parall\u00e8le, \u00e0 l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, le sort d&#8217;une autre loi qui n&#8217;est qu&#8217;\u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tape de l&#8217;\u00e9tude, mais dont le but sera de donner la r\u00e9plique \u00e0 C-20, la <em>Loi 99<\/em>, dont le titre, tout aussi \u00e9vocateur, sera <em>Loi sur l&#8217;exercice des droits fondamentaux et des pr\u00e9rogatives du peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois et de l&#8217;\u00c9tat du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[74]<\/b>&nbsp; From this prerogative conferred on the political power ensued the sanctioning of <i>Bill C-20<\/i> on June 29, 2000, while in tandem in the National Assembly, the fate of another law, which is only at the study stage, but whose aim is to give a counter-attack to bill <i>C-20<\/i>, <i>Bill 99<\/i>, is being played out, and whose just as evocative title will be an:&nbsp; <i>Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Qu\u00e9bec people and the Qu\u00e9bec State.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[75]<\/b>&nbsp; Revenons \u00e0 la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[75]<\/b>&nbsp; Returning to <em>Bill C-20<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[76]<\/b>&nbsp; Avec son titre, \u00e0 ce moment pr\u00e9cis de l&#8217;histoire, et lorsque l&#8217;on sait que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral poss\u00e8de d\u00e9j\u00e0 sa propre loi portant sur les consultations populaires<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/span>, la mati\u00e8re sur laquelle le l\u00e9gislateur f\u00e9d\u00e9ral l\u00e9gif\u00e8re dans la <em>Loi C-20<\/em> trahit ses angoisses advenant que la population du Qu\u00e9bec donne mandat \u00e0 ses \u00e9lus de<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[76]<\/b>&nbsp; With its title, at this precise moment in history, and when we know that the federal government already has its own referendum law<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/span>, the subject matter on which the federal legislator is legislating in <i>Bill C-20<\/i> betrays its anxieties in the event the Quebec people give their elected representatives the<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>26.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2000, page 8576.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>27.<\/b>&nbsp; CANADA, <em>D\u00e9bats de la Chambre des communes<\/em>, 2<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>e<\/sup><\/span> sess., 36<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>e<\/sup><\/span> l\u00e9gis., 13 d\u00e9cembre 1999, \u00abAffaires courantes.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lc-2000-c-26\/derniere\/lc-2000-c-26.html\" title=\"Loi donnant effet \u00e0 l'exigence de clart\u00e9 formul\u00e9e par la cour supr\u00eame du Canada dans son avis sur le renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><u>Loi donnant effet \u00e0 l&#8217;exigence de clart\u00e9 formul\u00e9e par la Cour supr\u00eame du Canada dans son avis sur le Renvoi sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em><\/u><\/a>\u00bb, p. 2765 (L&#8217;hon. St\u00e9phane Dion).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>28.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lc-1992-c-30\/32361\/lc-1992-c-30.html\" title=\"Loi r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire, LC 1992, c 30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Loi r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire<\/em>, L.C. 1992, c. 30<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>26.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> of December 7, 2000, page 8576.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>27.<\/b>&nbsp; CANADA, <em>House of Commons Debates<\/em>, 2nd Sess., 36th Parliament, December 13, 1999, &#8220;Routine Proceedings.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/sc-2000-c-26\/latest\/sc-2000-c-26.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQALY2xhcml0eSBhY3QAAAAAAQ&amp;resultIndex=1\" title=\"An Act to Give Effect to the Requirement for Clarity as Set out in the Opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><u>An Act to Give Effect to the Requirement for Clarity as Set out in the Opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference<\/i><\/u><\/a>, p. 2765 (The Hon. St\u00e9phane Dion)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>28.<\/b>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/sc-1992-c-30\/32361\/sc-1992-c-30.html\" title=\"Referendum Act, SC 1992, c 30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Referendum Act<\/em>, SC 1992, c. 30<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">mettre en \u0153uvre une nouvelle tentative de s\u00e9cession \u00e0 l&#8217;issue d&#8217;un futur r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum tenu par le gouvernement provincial.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">mandate to put a new attempt at secession into operation at the outcome of a future referendum by the provincial government.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[77]<\/b>&nbsp; Sans faire l&#8217;analyse d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>, puisque ce n&#8217;est pas l\u00e0 notre mission, il faut tout de m\u00eame identifier certains de ses \u00e9l\u00e9ments, puisqu&#8217;ils provoqueront des r\u00e9actions qui ne sont pas \u00e9trang\u00e8res \u00e0 l&#8217;adoption de la <em>Loi 99<\/em> et surtout au contenu de celle-ci.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[77]<\/b>&nbsp; Without making a detailed analysis of <i>Bill C-20<\/i>, since this is not our mission, we must all the same identify some of its elements, as these will provoke reactions that are not unconnected with the adoption of <i>Bill 99<\/i>, and, above all, with its content.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[78]<\/b>&nbsp; D&#8217;entr\u00e9e de jeu, le pr\u00e9ambule de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em> reconna\u00eet que le gouvernement d&#8217;une province a le droit de consulter sa population par r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum, sur divers sujets, et qu&#8217;il peut d\u00e9cider du texte de la question r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[78]<\/b>&nbsp; To begin, the preamble of <i>Bill C-20<\/i> recognizes that the government of a province has the right to consult its population by referendum, on various subjects, and may decide upon the text of the referendum question.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[79]<\/b>&nbsp; Toutefois, la <em>Loi C-20<\/em> semble introduire un nouveau concept en \u00e9dictant qu&#8217;il faut \u00abdavantage que la simple r\u00e8gle de la majorit\u00e9\u00bb pour faire na\u00eetre l&#8217;obligation de n\u00e9gocier dont fait \u00e9tat la Cour supr\u00eame dans son <em>Avis<\/em>.&nbsp; Voil\u00e0 un premier \u00e9l\u00e9ment qui interpelle.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[79]<\/b>&nbsp; However, <i>Bill C-20<\/i> seems to introduce a new concept by enacting that \u201cmore than just the simple majority rule\u201d is required to bring about the duty to negotiate explained by the Supreme Court in its <i>Advisory<\/i>.&nbsp; This first element invites contention.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[80]<\/b>&nbsp; Mais c&#8217;est surtout sur l&#8217;adjectif \u00abclair\u00bb, que la Cour supr\u00eame utilise dans son <em>Avis consultatif<\/em>, que le l\u00e9gislateur f\u00e9d\u00e9ral intervient pour l\u00e9gif\u00e9rer, afin de pr\u00e9ciser ce que cela signifie pour lui, de mani\u00e8re plus concr\u00e8te<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[80]<\/b>&nbsp; But, above all, it is about the adjective \u201cclear,\u201d used by the Supreme Court in its <i>Advisory Opinion<\/i>, that the federal legislator intervened to legislate in order to more concretely specify what this means to it.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[81]<\/b>&nbsp; En effet, dans les dispositions formelles de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>, le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral prend la balle au bond et l\u00e9gif\u00e8re sur ce que seront une question et une majorit\u00e9 suffisamment claires pour accepter de s&#8217;engager dans des n\u00e9gociations visant la mise en \u0153uvre du d\u00e9sir d&#8217;une province de faire s\u00e9cession.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[81]<\/b>&nbsp; Indeed, in the formal provisions of <i>Bill C-20<\/i>, the federal government runs with the ball and legislates on what a sufficiently clear question and majority would be in order to bind itself to begin negotiations to actualize the desire of a province to secede.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[82]<\/b>&nbsp; Il se m\u00e9nage m\u00eame un droit de regard pour d\u00e9cider, <em>a posteriori<\/em>, whether the question asked had been clear enough, whether proposals offered to the citizens were suitable, and whether the vote result was enough to warrant its taking its place at a table to initiate the execution of the secessionist project.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[82]<\/b>&nbsp; It even helps itself to a right to supervise, in order to decide, <i>a posteriori<\/i>, if the question asked had been clear enough, if proposals offered to the citizens were suitable, and whether the vote result was sufficient to warrant its taking its place at a table to initiate the execution of the secessionist project.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[83]<\/b>&nbsp; Lorsqu&#8217;il fait le point sur l&#8217;incidence de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>, le professeur de droit constitutionnel Patrick Taillon conclut qu&#8217;elle constitue \u00abune forme de contr\u00f4le politique par les d\u00e9put\u00e9s f\u00e9d\u00e9raux de la clart\u00e9 de la question et des r\u00e9sultats d&#8217;un troisi\u00e8me r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur la s\u00e9cession du Qu\u00e9bec\u00bb et qu&#8217;elle permet \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9lite de contr\u00f4ler les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s d\u00e9mocratiques tant avant, pendant, qu&#8217;apr\u00e8s un processus r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire, ce qui red\u00e9finit selon lui \u00ables r\u00e8gles du jeu r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire\u00bb qui ont toujours pr\u00e9valu jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 l&#8217;adoption de cette <em>Loi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[83]<\/b>&nbsp; In his recap on the impact of <i>Bill C-20<\/i>, constitutional law professor Patrick Taillon concluded that it constitutes \u201ca form of political control by federal MPs over the clarity of the question and the results of a third referendum on the secession of Quebec\u201d, and allows the elite to control the democratic procedures before, during and after a referendum process, which, he says, redefines \u201cthe rules of the referendum game\u201d which had always prevailed prior to adoption of this <i>Law<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[84]<\/b>&nbsp; Il d\u00e9nonce l\u2019\u00e9num\u00e9ration de toute une liste de motifs qui se retrouvent dans cette <em>Loi<\/em> pour justifier le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de ne pas vouloir s&#8217;engager dans un<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[84]<\/b>&nbsp; He denounced a whole list of reasons found in this <em>Act<\/em> to justify the federal government\u2019s not wanting to engage in a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>29.<\/b>&nbsp; Voir la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>, mais aussi la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/regl\/dors-2010-20\/derniere\/dors-2010-20.html\" title=\"R\u00e8glement adaptant la loi \u00e9lectorale du Canada aux fins d'un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum, DORS\/2010-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Loi \u00e9lectorale du Canada adapt\u00e9e aux fins d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum<\/em>, DORS\/2010-20<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>30.<\/b>&nbsp; Pr\u00e9ambule n\u00b0 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>31.<\/b>&nbsp; Art. 4.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>29.<\/b>&nbsp; See <em>Bill C-20<\/em>, but also the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/regu\/sor-2010-20\/latest\/sor-2010-20.html\" title=\"Regulation Adapting the Canada Elections Act for the Purposes of a Referendum, SOR\/2010-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u><em>Regulation Adapting the Canada Elections Act for the Purposes of a Referendum, SOR\/2010-20<\/em><\/u><\/a>, SOR\/2010-20.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>30.<\/b>&nbsp; Preamble No. 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>31.<\/b>&nbsp; Section 4.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">processus de n\u00e9gociation de la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019un \u00e9ventuel d\u00e9sir d\u2019une province de faire s\u00e9cession<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">process of negotiation to implement a possible desire by a province to secede.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[85]<\/b>&nbsp; En guise de conclusion, le constitutionnaliste \u00e9met des doutes sur la validit\u00e9 constitutionnelle de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>, qu&#8217;il consid\u00e8re \u00eatre \u00aben d\u00e9calage et en contradiction avec <em>l&#8217;Avis<\/em> de 1998 de la Cour supr\u00eame du Canada\u00bb par la mise en place d&#8217;un dispositif \u00abimpr\u00e9cis et arbitraire\u00bb qui confond la clart\u00e9 avec la radicalit\u00e9 de la question, rompant ainsi \u00abavec les pratiques et conventions constitutionnelles existantes relatives \u00e0 l&#8217;effet politiquement contraignant de la majorit\u00e9 des voix exprim\u00e9es lors d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum\u00bb<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>33<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[85]<\/b>&nbsp; In conclusion, the constitutionalist doubts the constitutional validity of <em>Bill C-20<\/em>, which he considers \u201cout of step with and contradictory to the 1998 <em>Opinion<\/em> of the Supreme Court of Canada\u201d by setting up an \u201cimprecise and arbitrary\u201d device that confuses clarity with the radicalness of the question, thus breaking \u201cwith existing constitutional practices and conventions relating to the politically binding effect of the majority of votes cast in a referendum\u201d.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>33<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[86]<\/b>&nbsp; Voil\u00e0 un exemple de r\u00e9action que la <em>Loi C-20<\/em> a suscit\u00e9e, et il n&#8217;est pas isol\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[86]<\/b>&nbsp; This is one example of the reaction that <em>Bill C-20<\/em> elicited, and it is not isolated.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[87]<\/b>&nbsp; Plusieurs constitutionnalistes s&#8217;entendent aussi pour dire que la <em>Loi C-20<\/em> peut \u00e0 la limite avoir pour effet de nier au Qu\u00e9bec le droit de disposer de lui-m\u00eame<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>34<\/sup><\/span> et c&#8217;est l\u00e0 que le b\u00e2t blesse, pour la suite des choses, selon nous.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[87]<\/b>&nbsp; A number of constitutional experts also agree that <em>Bill C-20<\/em> may ultimately have the effect of denying Quebec the right to self-determination<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>34<\/sup><\/span>, and there\u2019s the rub, for the future course of events, in our view.\n  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[88]<\/b>&nbsp; L&#8217;annonce de cette <em>Loi<\/em> ne provoque pas uniquement des r\u00e9actions chez les juristes, elle entra\u00eene un toll\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/span> \u00e0 l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, o\u00f9 tous s&#8217;entendent qu&#8217;il est alors hors de question de battre en retraite dans son coin dans l&#8217;\u00e9ventualit\u00e9 d&#8217;une nouvelle d\u00e9marche souverainiste, lorsqu&#8217;ils imaginent que les tenants et aboutissants de cette d\u00e9marche pourraient dor\u00e9navant \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9s par le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[88]<\/b>&nbsp; News of this <i>Law<\/i> provoked reactions not only among jurists; it raised a general outcry<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/span> in the National Assembly, where all were agreed that it was now out of the question to retreat into a corner in the event of a new sovereignist effort, when they imagined that the brass tacks of this effort might be controlled from now on by the federal government.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[89]<\/b>&nbsp; Au lendemain du d\u00e9p\u00f4t du projet de <em>Loi C-20<\/em> \u00e0 la Chambre des communes, Jean Charest d\u00e9clare que les parlementaires qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois \u00abne laisseront aucun parlement ou gouvernement r\u00e9duire les pouvoirs, l&#8217;autorit\u00e9, la souverainet\u00e9 et la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale\u00bb<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/span>.&nbsp; Le ministre Facal lui embo\u00eete le pas en r\u00e9sumant comme suit sa perception du message que le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral vient d&#8217;envoyer au Qu\u00e9bec par l&#8217;interm\u00e9diaire de la <em>Loi C-20<\/em>&nbsp;:&nbsp; \u00abFaites-nous confiance, nous savons ce qui est bon pour vous, c&#8217;est pour votre bien qu&#8217;on vous frappe\u00bb&nbsp;<sup>37<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[89]<\/b>&nbsp; After the introduction of <i>Bill C-20<\/i> in the House of Commons, Jean Charest declared that Quebec parliamentarians \u201cwill not allow any parliament or government to reduce the powers, authority, sovereignty or legitimacy of the National Assembly\u201d<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/span>.&nbsp; Minister Facal followed suit by summing up his perception of the message the federal government had just sent to Quebec through <i>Bill C-20<\/i>:&nbsp; \u201cTrust us, we know what is good for you, we are slugging you for your own good.\u201d<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>37<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>32.<\/b>&nbsp; Onglet 80, Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montr\u00e9al, pages 16, 17, qui cite en partie Alain Pellet, cit\u00e9 par Daniel Turp, page 59.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>33.<\/b>&nbsp; Onglet 80, Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montr\u00e9al, page 42.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>34.<\/b>&nbsp; Daniel Turp, \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca\/documents\/institutions-constitution\/commision-souverainete-1991-1992\/22-DanielTurp.pdf\" title=\"\u00abLe droit \u00e0 l\u2019autod\u00e9termination du Qu\u00e9bec et le processus d\u2019accession du Qu\u00e9bec\u00bb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Le droit \u00e0 l&#8217;autod\u00e9termination du Qu\u00e9bec et le processus d&#8217;accession du Qu\u00e9bec<\/u><\/a>\u00bb, dans GOUVERNEMENT DU QUEBEC, <i>Mises \u00e0 jour des \u00e9tudes originalement pr\u00e9par\u00e9es pour la Commission parlementaire d&#8217;\u00e9tude des questions aff\u00e9rentes \u00e0 l&#8217;accession du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 la souverainet\u00e9<\/i> (1991-1992), Volume 3 (Premi\u00e8re partie) (Livre 2) qui cite en partie Alain Pellet, page 59.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>35.<\/b>&nbsp; Le constitutionnaliste Henri Brun \u00e9crit que la Cour supr\u00eame \u00abse tue\u00bb \u00e0 dire que cette question portant sur la consultation populaire et ses modalit\u00e9s rel\u00e8ve \u00abdes diff\u00e9rents acteurs politiques agissant sous l&#8217;\u00e9gide de la communaut\u00e9 internationale\u00bb et qualifie la Loi sur la clart\u00e9 de \u00abbien singuli\u00e8re\u00bb, du fait qu&#8217;elle porte sur ce sujet.&nbsp; Il \u00e9crit m\u00eame que cette <em>Loi C-20<\/em> a pour objectif \u00abd&#8217;entraver l&#8217;exercice du droit collectif le plus fondamental qui soit, celui pour un peuple d&#8217;exprimer en toute libert\u00e9 son choix quant \u00e0 son avenir politique.\u00bb&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/vigile.quebec\/archives\/00-2\/20-brun.html\" title=\"Le Clarity Act est inconstitutionnel, Henri Brun, Le Devoir, 23 f\u00e9vrier 2000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Henri Brun, \u00abLe Clarity Act est inconstitutionnel\u00bb, Le Devoir, 23 f\u00e9vrier 2000<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>36.<\/b>&nbsp; Cit\u00e9e par le ministre Facal, dans le <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 30 mai 2000, page 40 sur 53.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>37.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2000, page 8581, propos du ministre Facal.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>32.<\/b>&nbsp; Tab 80, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal, pages 16, 17, quoting in part Alain Pellet, quoted by Daniel Turp, page 59.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>33.<\/b>&nbsp; Tab 80, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal, page 42.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>34.<\/b>&nbsp; Daniel Turp, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca\/documents\/institutions-constitution\/commision-souverainete-1991-1992\/22-DanielTurp.pdf\" title=\"\u00abLe droit \u00e0 l\u2019autod\u00e9termination du Qu\u00e9bec et le processus d\u2019accession du Qu\u00e9bec\u00bb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201c<u><i>Le droit \u00e0 l\u2019autod\u00e9termination du Qu\u00e9bec et le processus d\u2019accession du Qu\u00e9bec<\/i><\/u><\/a>\u201d (translation:&nbsp; \u201cThe right to self-determination of Quebec and the process of Quebec\u2019s accession,\u201d in (translation:)&nbsp; \u201cGOVERNMENT OF QUEBEC, <i>Updates of studies originally prepared for the Parliamentary Committee studying the questions relating to Qu\u00e9bec&#8217;s Accession to Sovereignty (1991-1992)<\/i>,\u201d Volume 3 (Part One) (Book 2), which quotes in part Alain Pellet, page 59.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>35.<\/b>&nbsp; Constitutional expert Henri Brun writes that the Supreme Court \u201cis silent\u201d in saying that this question concerning the popular consultation and its criteria (translation:)&nbsp; \u201cbelongs to the different political actors operating under the aegis of the international community\u201d and qualifies the <i>Clarity Act<\/i> as \u201cquite singular\u201d, because it bears upon this subject.&nbsp; He even wrote that the objective of <i>Bill C-20<\/i> is \u201cto hinder the exercise of the most fundamental collective right possible, that of a people freely expressing their choice as to their political future.\u201d&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=fr&amp;tl=en&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fvigile.quebec%2Farchives%2F00-2%2F20-brun.html&amp;sandbox=1\" title=\"The Clarity Act is Unconstitutional\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Henri Brun, \u201c<em>Le Clarity Act est inconstitutionnel<\/em>, <i>Le Devoir<\/i>, February 23, 2000<\/u><\/a>.&nbsp; (The Clarity Act is Unconstitutional)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>36.<\/b>&nbsp; Cited by Minister Facal, in the <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> of May 30, 2000, page 40 of 53.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>37.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, December 7, 2000, page 8581, words of Minister Facal.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[90]<\/b>&nbsp; Tous les partis politiques font ensuite front commun pour d\u00e9noncer l&#8217;intrusion du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral dans les affaires du Qu\u00e9bec; ils sont outr\u00e9s du culot dont fait preuve le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral en voulant ainsi s&#8217;immiscer dans un sujet aussi d\u00e9licat que la clart\u00e9 d&#8217;une \u00e9ventuelle question r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire ainsi qu&#8217;au sujet du vote qu&#8217;elle entra\u00eenerait, et qu&#8217;il tente de d\u00e9cider d&#8217;une telle question, de mani\u00e8re unilat\u00e9rale, poussant m\u00eame l&#8217;audace jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 exclure, \u00e0 l&#8217;avance, ou <i>a posteriori<\/i>, tant qu&#8217;\u00e0 y \u00eatre, une question qui ne serait pas \u00e0 son go\u00fbt<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>38<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[90]<\/b>&nbsp; All the political parties then made common cause to denounce the intrusion of the federal government into Quebec&#8217;s affairs; they were outraged at the impertinence shown by the federal government in wanting to interfere this way in such a delicate subject as the clarity of an eventual referendum question and of the vote result that might ensue, and by the fact it was trying to determine such a question, unilaterally, even pushing the audacity as far as to exclude, in advance, or after the fact, a question not to its liking.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>38<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[91]<\/b>&nbsp; Pour eux, il est invraisemblable que le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral fixe la majorit\u00e9 requise pour permettre au Qu\u00e9bec d&#8217;exercer son droit de choisir s&#8217;il veut s&#8217;engager ou non dans un processus de s\u00e9cession et qu&#8217;il dicte des r\u00e8gles du jeu \u00e0 l&#8217;avance, pour daigner ensuite avoir le privil\u00e8ge de le voir s&#8217;assoir \u00e0 la table des n\u00e9gociations pour discuter des param\u00e8tres de mise en \u0153uvre du d\u00e9sir exprim\u00e9 de faire s\u00e9cession, auquel il aurait au pr\u00e9alable donn\u00e9 sa b\u00e9n\u00e9diction<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>39<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[91]<\/b>&nbsp; For them, it was untenable that the federal government should fix the majority required to allow Quebec to exercise its right to choose whether or not to engage in a process of secession, and that it dictate the rules of the game in advance, to then deign to have the privilege of seating itself at the negotiating table to discuss the parameters for implementation of the expressed desire to secede, to which it would first have given its blessing<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>39<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[92]<\/b>&nbsp; Le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec bondit donc, face \u00e0 ce qu&#8217;il per\u00e7oit comme un outil d&#8217;intimidation dont le but est de d\u00e9courager les Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, afin qu&#8217;ils ne s&#8217;aventurent pas de nouveau dans un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur l&#8217;avenir du Qu\u00e9bec.&nbsp; Il consid\u00e8re essentiel d&#8217;intervenir pour ne pas laisser le peuple sur la fausse impression que son vote en faveur d&#8217;un tel projet s\u00e9cessionniste pourrait n&#8217;avoir aucun effet.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[92]<\/b>&nbsp; So the Quebec government pounced on what it saw as a tool of intimidation, whose purpose is to discourage Quebecers from venturing into another referendum on the future of Quebec.&nbsp; It deemed it essential to intervene so as not to leave the people with the false impression that its vote in favor of such a secessionist project might have no effect.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[93]<\/b>&nbsp; Il n&#8217;en fallait pas plus pour faire germer le projet de <em>Loi 99<\/em>, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale quelques jours apr\u00e8s l&#8217;annonce du projet de <em>Loi C-20<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[93]<\/b>&nbsp; Nothing further was needed to germinate <em>Bill 99<\/em>, introduced in the National Assembly a few days after the announcement of <em>Bill C-20<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[94]<\/b>&nbsp; Quelques mois plus tard, le ministre Facal confirmera que \u00ab<em>s&#8217;il n&#8217;y avait pas eu de projet de <em>Loi C-20<\/em>, il n&#8217;y en aurait sans doute pas eu de projet de <em>Loi 99<\/em> (&#8230;)\u00bb et que \u00abLe projet de loi no 99 a vu le jour uniquement en raison de l&#8217;atteinte port\u00e9e par le projet de loi C-20 contre les droits fondamentaux du peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois.<\/em>\u00bb<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[94]<\/b>&nbsp; A few months later, Minister Facal will confirm that &#8220;<i>Had there been no Bill C-20, there would probably have been no Bill 99 (&#8230;)<\/i>&#8221; and that &#8220;<i>Bill 99 came into being only because of Bill C-20&#8217;s attack on the fundamental rights of the Qu\u00e9bec people.<\/i><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[95]<\/b>&nbsp; C&#8217;est donc dire qu&#8217;au moment o\u00f9 il amorce la d\u00e9marche l\u00e9gislative qui nous int\u00e9resse, le gouvernement provincial est convaincu que le peuple qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois a d\u00e9j\u00e0 des droits fondamentaux, et tout particuli\u00e8rement, celui de pouvoir d\u00e9cider de son avenir.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[95]<\/b>&nbsp; Which is thus to say that at the beginning of the legislative process of interest to us, the provincial government is convinced that the Qu\u00e9bec people already possesses fundamental rights, and that quite in particular, it can decide its own future.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[96]<\/b>&nbsp; Lorsque le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec discute du contenu du projet de <i>Loi 99<\/i>, au printemps 2000, la <i>Loi C-20<\/i> repose d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur la table \u00e0 dessin du S\u00e9nat et les craintes qu&#8217;un vote favorable \u00e0 celle-ci intervienne \u00e0 court terme seront confirm\u00e9es deux mois plus tard, en juin, lorsqu&#8217;elle est finalement sanctionn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[96]<\/b>&nbsp; When the Quebec government discussed the contents of <i>Bill 99<\/i> in the spring of 2000, <i>Bill C-20<\/i> was already on the Senate drafting table, and fears in the short term of a vote in its favor were confirmed two months later, in June, when it was finally sanctioned.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[97]<\/b>&nbsp; Pour le gouvernement provincial, il est donc encore plus capital de se munir d&#8217;un bouclier pour contrer la strat\u00e9gie du f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, qui porte atteinte \u00e0 plusieurs droits et<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[97]<\/b>&nbsp; For the provincial government, it was therefore all-important to equip itself with a shield to counter the federal strategy, which violates a number of democratic rights and<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>38.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 25 mai 2000, page 6179, propos de Mario Dumont, du 30 mai 2000, page 47 sur 53.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>39.<\/b>&nbsp; R-13, page 14.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>40.<\/b>&nbsp; <em>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/em> du 25 mai 2000, page 6170.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>38.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, May 25, 2000, page 6179, remarks of Mario Dumont, May 30, 2000, page 47 of 53.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>39.<\/b>&nbsp; R-13, page 14.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>40.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, May 25, 2000, page 6170.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>500-05-065031-013<\/b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PAGE 17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">principes d\u00e9mocratiques d\u00e9volus \u00e0 la population du Qu\u00e9bec, ainsi qu&#8217;\u00e0 ses institutions l\u00e9gitimes, maintenant que le sombre projet que v\u00e9hiculait le projet de <em>Loi C-20<\/em> s&#8217;est transform\u00e9 en une loi officielle du Canada.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>41<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">principles devolved upon the Quebec population, as well as on its legitimate institutions, the bleak project of <i>Bill C-20<\/i> having been transformed into an official law of Canada.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>41<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[98]<\/b>&nbsp; Comme le gouvernement provincial consid\u00e8re que l&#8217;exercice fait dans <i>C-20<\/i> est un \u00abtravestissement grossier\u00bb et une \u00abr\u00e9\u00e9criture tout \u00e0 fait d\u00e9form\u00e9e de l&#8217;avis de la Cour supr\u00eame\u00bb sur des sujets chauds, sa d\u00e9termination de mener \u00e0 bien le projet de <i>Loi 99<\/i> est donc mouss\u00e9e, afin que cette future loi r\u00e9tablisse enfin ce qu&#8217;il estime que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral aurait d\u00fb retenir des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s de la Cour supr\u00eame dans <i>l&#8217;Avis consultatif<\/i>, que le gouvernement provincial avait pour sa part applaudi \u00abpour sa sagesse et sa justesse<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>42<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[98]<\/b>&nbsp; Since the provincial government viewed the exercise conducted in <i>C-20<\/i> as a \u201cgross travesty\u201d and an \u201caltogether distorted rewording of the Supreme Court\u2019s opinion\u201d on red-hot subjects, its purpose in carrying out <i>Bill 99<\/i> was therefore heightened, so that this future law would at last reestablish what it believed the federal government should have retained from statements of the Supreme Court in the <i>Advisory Opinion<\/i>, which the provincial government had applauded \u201cfor its wisdom and correctness\u201d<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>42<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[99]<\/b>&nbsp; Pour ajuster le tir, il juge n\u00e9cessaire d&#8217;envoyer un message fort \u00e0 la population qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire, que le gouvernement prot\u00e8ge et d\u00e9fend ses droits et privil\u00e8ges imm\u00e9moriaux et qu&#8217;il n&#8217;accepte pas que le Qu\u00e9bec en soit r\u00e9duit \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tat de partenaire minoritaire au sein de la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration canadienne.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[99]<\/b>&nbsp; To adjust the artillery, it deemed it necessary to send a strong message to the people of Quebec to say that the government protects and defends its immemorial rights and privileges, and does not accept that Quebec be reduced to a minor partner in the Canadian federation.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[100]<\/b>&nbsp; C&#8217;est pour ces raisons qu&#8217;il juge que la d\u00e9claration solennelle unanime propos\u00e9e par l&#8217;opposition ne suffit pas pour faire contrepoids \u00e0 la <em>Loi C-20<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>43<\/sup><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[100]<\/b>&nbsp; For these reasons, it deemed the unanimous solemn declaration proposed by the opposition insufficient to counterbalance <em>Bill C-20<\/em>.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>43<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[101]<\/b>&nbsp; Voil\u00e0 ce qui r\u00e9sume de nombreuses pages de d\u00e9bats parlementaires sur l&#8217;adoption du projet de <i>Loi 99<\/i> devant l&#8217;Assembl\u00e9e nationale, les discussions ayant entre autres tourn\u00e9 autour du v\u00e9hicule qui devrait \u00eatre privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 pour accomplir ce dessein.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[101]<\/b>&nbsp; The foregoing summarizes many pages of parliamentary debates on the adoption of <i>Bill 99<\/i> before the National Assembly, the discussions having revolved, i.e., around the vehicle that ought to be privileged to accomplish this purpose.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[102]<\/b>&nbsp; D&#8217;un c\u00f4t\u00e9, les d\u00e9put\u00e9s Pelletier et Gautrin r\u00e9p\u00e8tent sans cesse que la <i>Loi 99<\/i> rel\u00e8ve essentiellement du domaine politique et que les parlementaires doivent garder la juridiction sur les param\u00e8tres entourant la tenue d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum sur l&#8217;avenir politique et constitutionnel du Qu\u00e9bec, plut\u00f4t que d&#8217;incorporer ces sujets d\u00e9licats dans une loi qui pourrait un jour pr\u00eater flan aux attaques juridiques, car ce spectre risque selon eux d&#8217;affaiblir l&#8217;impact de la r\u00e9plique offerte pour contrer l&#8217;offensive f\u00e9d\u00e9rale<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>44<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[102]<\/b>&nbsp; On the one hand, MNAs Pelletier and Gautrin repeatedly said that <i>Bill 99<\/i> was essentially a political issue and parliamentarians must retain jurisdiction over the parameters surrounding the conduct of a referendum on the political and constitutional future of Quebec, rather than incorporating these sensitive issues into a law that may one day lend itself to legal attacks; this spectre, in their view, tending to weaken the impact of the counter-attack offered to the federal offensive.<span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:11px;\"><sup>44<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[103]<\/b>&nbsp; Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 du parti au pouvoir, le ministre Facal et certains autres insistent pour leur part pour que tous se rallient au v\u00e9hicule l\u00e9gislatif, y voyant l\u00e0 un moyen plus<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>[103]<\/b>&nbsp; On behalf of the party in power, Minister Facal and others insisted that everyone rally to the legislative vehicle, seeing it as a more <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">__________<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.2pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>41.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Id.<\/i>, pages 6177 et 6187; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 30 mai 2000, page 52 sur 53; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2000, page 8582.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>42.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 25 mai 2000, page 6175, pi\u00e8ce R-13, page 14.&nbsp; Voir aussi <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 21 novembre 2000, page 7989.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>43.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Id.<\/i>, pages 6167 et 6184, o\u00f9 l&#8217;on rappelle que quelques heures \u00e0 peine apr\u00e8s l&#8217;annonce du projet de <i>Loi C-20<\/i>, le chef de l&#8217;opposition a d\u00e9pos\u00e9 une motion r\u00e9affirmant les droits des Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, en r\u00e9action \u00e0 <i>C-20<\/i>.&nbsp; Voir aussi <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 30 mai et du 21 novembre 2000 (pages 7990-7991).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>44.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 25 et du 30 mai 2000.&nbsp; Voir entre autres le <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 30 mai 2000, page 40 sur 53 et <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> du 7 d\u00e9cembre 2000, pages 8578-8579, propos de Jean Charest, qui voit en ce projet de Loi un \u00abmoyen pour essayer de mousser la ferveur nationaliste\u00bb et pour \u00abcr\u00e9er des conditions gagnantes pour la tenue d&#8217;un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"491\" valign=\"top\" style='width:368.25pt;background:#edf3f4;padding:0 5.4pt;'>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>41.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Idem.<\/i>, pages.&nbsp; 6177 and 6187; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> of May 30, 2000, page 52 of 53; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, December 7, 2000, page 8582.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>42.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, May 25, 2000, page 6175, Exhibit R-13, page 14.&nbsp; See also <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, November 21, 2000, page 7989.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>43.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Idem.<\/i>, pages 6167 and 6184, where it is recalled that only a few hours after the announcement of <i>Bill C-20<\/i>, the Leader of the Opposition tabled a motion reaffirming the rights of Quebecers in reaction to <i>C-20<\/i>.&nbsp; See also <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, May 30 and November 21, 2000 (pages 7990-7991).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:16px;\"><b>44.<\/b>&nbsp; <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i>, May 25 and 30, 2000.&nbsp; See among others the <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> of May 30, 2000, page 40 of 53 and <i>Journal des d\u00e9bats<\/i> of December 7, 2000, pages 8578-8579, words of Jean Charest, who sees in this Bill a \u201cmeans to try to promote nationalist fervor\u201d and \u201cto create win-win conditions for holding a referendum\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\nCONTINUED:&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/henderson-v-attorney-general-of-quebec-18-april-2018-qccs-1586-canlii-paragraphs-103-200\/\"><u>PARAGRAPHS 103-200<\/u><\/a>.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Download PDF HABEAS CORPUS CANADA The Official Legal Challenge To North American Union QUEBEC IS BEING USED TO DISMANTLE CANADA INTO CITY-STATES IN THE NORTH AMERICAN REGION Henderson c. Procureure g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Qu\u00e9bec 2018 QCCS 1586 PARAGRAPHS 1-103 FRENCH ORIGINAL NON-OFFICIAL ENGLISH CANADA PROVINCE DE QU\u00c9BEC DISTRICT DE MONTR\u00c9AL N\u00b0&nbsp;:&nbsp; 500-05-065031-013 DATE&nbsp;:&nbsp; LE 18 AVRIL&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/henderson-v-attorney-general-of-quebec-18-april-2018-qccs-1586-canlii-paragraphs-1-103\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;Henderson v. Attorney General of Quebec, 18 April 2018 QCCS 1586 (CanLII)&nbsp;\u2014 Paragraphs <b>1-103<\/b>&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=97"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":296,"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97\/revisions\/296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/habeascorpuscanada.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}